Nthawi yatsopano: nzeru ya kulingalira ndi zinachitikira

nzeru khalidwe nthawi Chatsopano akhoza momveka ananena. nthawi iyi ya malingaliro kutsimikizira ulimi sayansi ndi Choonadi umatulutsa. Nthawi zambiri mu mabuku likumanenso zoona kuti izo zinali mu nthawi imeneyi yapangidwa njira ya sayansi, ndicho empiricism, yemwe ananena kutsogoza zambiri, zochokera maganizo ndi rationalism, kumbuyo lingaliro la malingaliro monga mtumiki wa choonadi. Komabe, iye ndi njira zina amaona abwino kwa aliyense masamu sayansi ndi njira zake. Features nzeru za makono chikutanthauza tingaganizire chitsanzo cha Francis Bacon ndi René Dekarta.

otsutsa

English nzeru zapamwamba ankakhulupirira kuti munthu akuganiza monga "chosaneneka" ngati "mafano" omwe adatsogola kunena naye kuzindikira chinthu chenicheni imene inapangitsa mu Mtheradi wa chokuchitikirani ndi kuphunzira mwachindunji za chilengedwe. Only lino, monga Bacon, kungachititse kuti Kudzidalira ndi ufulu ofufuza, komanso kutulukira zinthu zatsopano. Choncho, zochokera kupatsidwa ulemu komanso - njira yokhayo choonadi. Pambuyo wotsirizayo, ndi mfundo woganiza amazionera, ndi mwana wopanda mphamvu, ndi zaka. Bacon anali mmodzi wa theorists wotchuka umene kuyamba nthawi yatsopano. The nzeru za Descartes yofanana anali mfundo zosiyana. Iye anali kutsatira za deduction ndi chifukwa ngati muyeso wa choonadi. Iye anavomera kuti funso lonselo ayenera Komabe, dziwani kuti maganizo ndi njira yokhayo kusiyanitsa choonadi ndi zinthu zabodza. ochepa okha kutsatira bwino komanso motsimikiza mwatsatanetsatane ndi kusamukira ku chinthu chimodzi pa zinthu zina. Koma popanda anzeru awa, nthawi iyi komanso chidwi maina angapo.

nthawi yatsopano: nzeru za Dzhona Lokka

woganiza ichi, akufuna kukondera pakati pa mfundo za Descartes ndi Bacon. Iye anavomera ndi yamasika kuti gwero la malingaliro zitha kukhala zinachitikira. Koma mawu Anazindikira osati kumva, komanso kunyezimira mkati. Ndiko kuti, maganizo, nayenso. Chifukwa palokha munthu ngati ndi "slate woyera" limene zinachitikira atamukoka zithunzi zina, zithunzi izi, kapena quality, mukhoza kukhala magwero a chidziwitso. Koma n'zotheka kulankhula kokha za mfundo yofunika kwambiri. patsogolo mfundo zambiri, monga "Mulungu" kapena "zabwino" ndi osakaniza osavuta. Komanso, iye ankaona woganiza, ife kotero anawachititsa kuti makhalidwe ena amene timazindikira, ndi cholinga ndi zizigwirizana chenicheni, pamene ena amasonyeza kulunjika mwa machitidwe a zinthu pa mphamvu ndi ungatinyenge.

nthawi yatsopano: nzeru ya Davida Yuma

Chinthu china anafotokoza Maonekedwe nthawi wosakhulupirira ndi wosakhazikika. Onse a m'madera amenewa amagwirizana ndi Davidom Yumom, amene adalipo osati zichokera choonadi apamwamba ndi kulingalira. "Kodi mfundo kulankhula za Genesis, - ankakhulupirira -. N'kwabwino kuganizira yeniyeni" Choncho, masamu ndi chidziwitso kwambiri zina, akhoza nawatsimikizira. lingaliro zikuoneka kuti kumvana nthawi zonse kukhala zatsopano. nzeru Hume Adzapeza iye anazindikira kuti kudziwa zina zonse, ngakhale akubwera kuchokera zinachitikira - izi ndi malingaliro athu okha, ndipo kungakhale mwangwiro probabilistic. sayansi zonse zochokera chakuti chochita chirichonse ali ndi chifukwa, koma ndi chinthu Sizotheka kumvetsa. Sitingathe kudziwa bwinobwino ngati izo ziri zoona, nzeru zathu za chilengedwe ndi dongosolo lake. Koma mfundo ndi wofunika kwambiri chifukwa ingagwiritsidwe kuchita.