Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya mafupa anthu. Kapangidwe ka mafupa a

Mafupa chithunzi chimene Adzaperekedwa kenako, ndi akaphatikiza maselo fupa la chamoyo. mawu ali mizu Greek. Pomasulira, ndi mawu otanthauza "zouma". mafupa The imatengedwa kuti ndi gawo chabe dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. Akufotokozera ku mesenchyme lapansi. Kenako, tione mafupa: kapangidwe, ntchito, ndi zina zotero ..

mbali kugonana

Tisanafotokoze alankhulepo za zomwe zimagwira ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi mafupa, kuyenera kudziŵika zingapo zochititsa chosiyana kwa mbali imeneyi ya thupi. Kuliganizira M'magazini structural kugonana ena. Okwana pali 206 mafupa amapanga mafupa (chithunzi limasonyeza zinthu zonse). Pafupifupi onse amaphatikiza amodzi umodzi mwa mafupa, Mitsemphayi ndi mfundo zina. Kapangidwe ka mafupa lonse la amuna ndi akazi njira yomweyo. kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa iwo palibe. Komabe, kusiyana akupezeka yekha m'njira yosiyana kapena makulidwe a zinthu payekha ndi machitidwe zimene amapanga. The odziwika kusiyana lomwe lili dongosolo la mafupa a amuna ndi akazi, monga Mwachitsanzo, kuti mafupa a zala ndi malekezero poyamba otalikirapo ndi thicker, kuti mtsogolo. Choncho tuberosity (akukonzekera ulusi mbali minofu) ali umaonetseredwa, iwo amakhala a mphamvu mwa amuna. Akazi ndi mafupa a chiuno onse ndi chifuwa kale. Pankhani kusiyana pakati pa chigaza, amagwiranso zonyozeka. Pankhani imeneyi, akatswiri zambiri kungakhale kovuta kudziwa amene mwini; mkazi kapena mwamuna. Pa nthawi yomweyo nsidze masika ndi oumbidwa protuberance mwake wamphamvu diso zambiri phindu sinuses anafotokoza bwino. Mu zinthu chigaza fupa amuna ndi pang'ono chachikulu kuposa mkazi. Anteroposterior (kotenga) ndi magawo ofukula wa gawo ili la mafupa anthu kwambiri. Akazi chigaza maluso pafupifupi 1300 masentimita ^3. Mu amuna, chithunzi ichi ndi zambiri - 1450 masentimita ^3. kusiyana Ichi ndi chifukwa miyeso ang'onoang'ono waukulu wa thupi wamkazi.

ofesi yayikulu

Mafupa kusiyanitsa mabacteria awiri. Kwenikweni, lili truncal ndi mutu maofesi. Otsiriza, nayenso, muli ndi nkhope ndi oziziritsa gawo. Brain gawo limapangidwa awiri wosakhalitsa, parietal 2, mazunzo, occipital pang'ono ethmoid fupa. Ndi alipo nkhope dera chapamwamba nsagwada (nthunzi) ndi kutsikira. zitsime izi mano lokhazikika.

msana

Mu dipatimenti imeneyi kusiyanitsa coccygeal (4-5 ma PC.), Sacral (5), lumbar (5), chifuwa (12) ndi khosi (7) zigawo. Vertebral Arc kupanga ngalande msana. Mwini anayi mzati kupinda. Zimenezi zimathandiza kukhazikitsa ntchito ndi zotsalira za mafupa kugwirizana ndi bipedalism. Inali pakati pa vertebrae zotanuka mbale. Amathandiza kuti munthu akhale kusinthasintha msana. Kubwera kwa positi anaŵerama anachititsa kufunika pochepetsa zodabwitsa pa gululi: kuthamanga, kuyenda, kulumpha. Kudzera iyi msana ndi ziwalo za m'kati si poyera kuti concussion. Mkati mwa msana amathamanga ngalande. Iwo lozungulira chingwe msana.

thorax

Ndi zizindikiro sternum, zigawo 12 chachiwiri msana ndi nthiti 12 awiriawiri. Choyamba 10 a iwo olumikiza sternum chichereŵechereŵe, yotsirizira awiri alibe mafupa ndi izo. Chifukwa nthiti n'zotheka kuchita ntchito zoteteza a mafupa a. Kwenikweni, zipangitsa chitetezo cha mitima ndi matupi a bronchopulmonary ndi mbali ya chitetezo cha m'mimba. Chimachititsa nthiti mbale ndi makina articulation ndi vertebrae ndi, kutsogolo (kupatula awiriawiri m'munsi awiri) olumikiza sternum ndi chichereŵechereŵe kusintha. Chifukwa ichi, thorax mwina taper kapena kufotokozera pa kupuma.

miyendo chapamwamba

Mu gawo ili la pano humeri, dzanja chapamwamba (ulnar ndi zinthu zozungulira), dzanja, zigawo metacarpal ndi phalanges asanu chala. Nthawi zambiri, manja mafupa atatu dipatimenti. Zikuphatikizapo dzanja, mkono ndi mapewa. inawo aumbike mafupa yaitali. The burashi chikugwirizana ndi mkono ndi dzanja tichipeza zinthu zazing'ono metacarpus kupanga kanjedza ndi yoyamikira zala kusintha. Kuika nthambi kumtunda kwa thupi ikuchitika ndi clavicle ndi vanes. Iwo apanga phewa lamba.

m'munsi malekezero

Mu gawo ili la mafupa olekanitsidwa 2 m'chiuno mafupa. Aliyense wa iwo kumaphatikizapo zinaphatikizidwa ndi mzake sciatic, obisika ndipo iliac zinthu. Komanso, lamba wa malekezero a m'munsi monga ntchafu. Iwo aumbike lolingana (a dzina lomweli) fupa. mchitidwe Izi akuti ndi waukulu kwambiri kuposa onse mu mafupa a. Komanso, pa phazi secrete atavalanso zoteteza. Kapangidwe ka dipatimenti zikuphatikizapo mafupa atavalanso zoteteza awiri - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Anapachikidwa m'munsi malekezero phazi. Amakhala ndi mafupa angapo, yaikulu imene amati chidendene. Mphambano ndi thupi adatengedwa ndi zinthu m'chiuno. Anthu, mafupa awa wambiri kuposa onse kuposa chinyama. Monga lumikiza zinthu protrude nthambi mafupa.

Mitundu zimfundo

Pali atatu okha. Mafupa akhoza chikugwirizana ndi mafoni, theka ukusuntha kapena n'kupuma. The articulation a mtundu yamasika lililonse kwa zinthu cranial (kupatula mandible a). Theka akuyenda m'mbali olumikiza sternum ndi vertebrae. Monga articulation zinthu kuima Mitsemphayi ndi chichereŵechereŵe. Kugwirizana makina mfundo khalidwe. Aliyense ali pamwamba, mphatso madzi M'mimbamo, ndi thumba. Monga ulamuliro, malo umalimba Mitsemphayi. Chifukwa osiyanasiyana osauka za kayendedwe. Articular madzi fupa amachepetsa zinthu mikangano pa gulu.

Kodi mafupa?

Mu gawo ili la mavuto thupi ziwiri: kwachilengedwenso ndi makina. Mogwirizana ndi yankho la vuto yotsirizira ndi ntchito za mafupa anthu otsatirawa:

1. Njinga. ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ayi, monga zinthu chigoba kutumikira kwa kuphatikana ulusi minofu.
2. Thandizo ntchito ya mafupa a. Bone ndi zinthu olowa m'gulu la mafupa. Kuti izo amagwira ziwalo ndi minofu zofewa.
3. Spring. Chifukwa cha chichereŵechereŵe olowa ndi zingapo zochititsa structural (zokhotakhota a msana, phazi Chipilala) ikuchitika amortization. Chifukwa, lilibe kenaka utentha mamba ndi jolts ali anasintha.
4. Zozitetezera. Mafupa lili fupa mapangidwe, chifukwa chimene anaonetsetsa chitetezo cha ziwalo zina zofunika kwambiri. Makamaka, chigaza amateteza ubongo, sternum - mtima, mapapo ndi zina ziwalo zina, msana - dongosolo la nsana.

Ntchito zamoyo mafupa anthu:

1. Hematopoietic. ndi mafupa ali mafupa. Iwo amachita ngati gwero la maselo magazi.
2. Stock mmwamba. zinthu Bone kutumikira monga zofikira kwa wambirimbiri zinthu zochita kupanga. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga chitsulo, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous. Pa nkhani imeneyi, fupa zimafunika mtendere wa zikuchokera mchere mwa thupi.

kuvulazidwa

Ngati malo zolakwika za thupi kwa nthawi yaitali (mwachitsanzo, yaitali atakhala ndi anaweramitsa mutu pa gome, zoipa kaimidwe, etc.), komanso pa maziko a angapo chibadwa (makamaka osakaniza ndi zolakwa zakudya, kusowa kwa kukula) kuphwanya kumachitika kusunga ntchito ya mafupa a. Mu magawo oyambirira zodabwitsazi angathe kuthetsedwa mwamsanga. Komabe, ndi bwino kupewa. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, akatswiri amalangiza kusankha kaimidwe omasuka pa ntchito, masewera olimbitsa thupi, olimbitsa kusambira ndi mitundu ina.

chikhalidwe dokotala wina zofala amati chilema phazi. Against maziko a zodabwitsazi ndi kuphwanya galimoto ntchito ya mafupa a. Phazi chilema angayambe mchikakamizo cha matenda, kuvulala kapena kukhala ndi zotsatira za yaitali oyima zimamuchulukira m'kati kukula kwa chamoyo. fupa wovulala angayambe mchikakamizo zisudzo amphamvu thupi. Ngozi ya mtundu umenewu akhoza adatsekedwa kapena lotseguka (chilonda). About 3/4 la fractures onse imagwera pa manja ndi mapazi. The chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuvulala ndi ululu. Zinthu zinasintha lingachititse mapindikidwe wotsatira mafupa, kuphwanya ntchito dipatimenti imene ili. Ngati mukukayikira wovulala wovulalayo m'pofunika kupereka ambulansi ndi m'chipatala. Tisanayambe ntchito iliyonse, mtima uli anatumiza kuphunzira X-ray. Pa matenda anawulula kutanthauzira kwa fupa lothyoka malo, ndi kukhalapo kwa zidutswa kuchepetsa fupa.