Kodi kuphunzira sayansi ndale? Social Science Political

Studies mu munda interdisciplinary kuti kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito njira ndi njira kudziwa Kukonza njira boma, kuchititsa sayansi ndale. Choncho, ogwira wokonzeka kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a moyo a boma. sayansi zandale mosanyengerera malingaliro, monga kuyenera kwa sayansi ya "choyera". Osiyanasiyana mavuto mu dera lino n'chachikulu kwambiri, kotero mwina pafupi ndi ndale mwamtheradi chilango, osati sayansi chikhalidwe, komanso thupi, zamoyo masamu, sociological.

mosamala kwambiri kukhudzana ndi njira ntchito ndi sayansi yandale sayansi ndale, Chaanthu, kasamalidwe, lamulo, oyang'anira tauni ndi anthu makonzedwe mbiri. Kudziwa njira anabwereka zambiri kuchokera m'madera a amalanga malire monga ntchito kafukufuku, kachitidwe kusanthula cybernetics, machitidwe onse chiphunzitso, chiphunzitso cha masewera, ndi zina zotero. Onse amakhala chinthu phunziro, ngati kuthandiza kupeza njira yothetsera nkhani zofunika kwambiri dziko, ndi zomwe zikugwira sayansi ndale.

Latha ndi njira

Studies akuuzidwa m'njira monga kulongosola zolinga, kuunikira njira zina, kuzindikira mumaganiza ndi kupenda zochitikazo, kenako kukhala ena mfundo kusankha mavuto boma. Pali sayenera kulankhula za makhalidwe ofunikawa, tiyenera akufunazo mfundo kuyezedwa, ndipo izi zikuchita ndi sayansi ndale. Chitukuko cha sayansi ndale ndi msanga ngati nthumwi zake nawo kusankha mipherezero kukambirana woyenerera kapena unsuitability la ndalama anaika kusankha ndi kuwoneratu zotsatira za njira zina.

Ambiri mwa kachitidwe kamakono ndi mbiri yakale ndale kwenikweni anapatutsa ndi kudzipatula amodzi a malo ofunika kwambiri "pa helm" highbrow akatswiri amene akupereka chidziwitso ndi luso lawo la kutukula za mfundo za boma. Koma weniweni sayansi, yolongosoka multidisciplinary kufika kwa mphamvu ya malamulo onse anayamba osati kale. Mapangidwe sayansi ndale sanayambe pamaso 1951, pamene anali akuti anayamba ndi zamaganizo American ndipo kenako, wasayansi ndale Harold Lasswell. Ndi kuyambira nthawi imeneyo purposefully zimathandiza payekha asayansi akatswiri mu sayansi ndale dongosolo lonse kuonetsetsa mfundo pagulu. Ndipo mgwirizano interdisciplinary kwenikweni ogwira.

Kupereka sayansi mfundo

Kodi kuphunzira sayansi ndale? Iwo kufufuza zonse, zoopseza. Izi bwino Chitsanzo cha nawo mu chiphunzitso cha njira nkhani monga kusanthula dongosolo, amene akutukuka dongosolo loyamba, kenako mapulogalamu, ndiye ndalama pulogalamu boma makamaka. Malire pakati amalanga ndi anangotengeka onse mphamvu, ndi ndondomeko kwambiri ndikuyembekeza kuti posachedwapa kutha palimodzi. Maphunzirowa zochitika amakhala ndi chakuti wandale mu Integrated ntchito zosiyanasiyana sayansi. Mwina iwo ali kulondola, ndipo anaphunzira sayansi ndale, adzapanga supradistsiplinoy awo.

Apa ife tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti izi si sayansi ndale palokha (kutanthauza wamkulu sayansi ndale), - n'zosavuta kuti Baibulo la mutu - thandizo sayansi strategy boma. Mawu akuti walowa mu ntchito - ntchito sayansi ndale, mtundu wa anayambitsa sayansi ndale polimbana ndi malamulo a pakutchulidwa zodabwitsa zosiyanasiyana mu makina yaikulu boma. ubwenzi ndi njira za moyo wa m'dzikolo. Ntchito Science Political komanso otanganidwa kupeza njira ndi mawonekedwe a chamoyo, chitukuko ndi kasamalidwe njira ndale, pamafunika chisamaliro cha chikumbumtima ndale ndi chikhalidwe.

Mwina si malo kumene sindinapeze ntchito ya sayansi ndale. Chitukuko cha sayansi andale sangathe anayima, chifukwa chimakwirira pafupifupi onse zochita za anthu. sayansi Political sayansi koyera akuphunzira boma lenileni la moyo andale a limati, koma ntchito umalimbana kuphunzira ndi kudziwa ndondomeko andale, komanso kusamutsa iwo osiyanasiyana linafalitsidwa kwambiri kwa anthu zitheka.

Zinthu nkhani

M'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa cholinga chenicheni, amene zimadalira pa nkhani sakuyembekezera, ndipo iye amafufuza nkhaniyi, ndiye ena katundu, quality, m'mbali mwa chinthu kuphunzira. phunziro nthawi zonse osankhidwa poyerekezera ndi zolinga ndi zokhumba za kufufuza makamaka, ndi chinthu - ndi zenizeni kuti ngakhale zimadalira kanthu. Chinthu akhoza kufufuza kwambiri monga sayansi ambiri.

kalasi Social Mwachitsanzo, aphunzira kuwerenga kwa maganizo ndi Chaanthu, ndi sayansi ndale, ndi etnology, ndipo ngakhale nambala ya sayansi osiyana. Komabe, aliyense wa iwo pamalowo uyu ali njira yake ndi nkhani yake kuphunzira. Nzeru ena a Kuikiradi sayansi zongopeka ndi Kulingalira, ikufotokoza kalasi chikhalidwe cha mavuto kupilira kwa munthu wokhalapo, olemba mbiri chingatithandize dongosolo la zochitika za m'kalasi, anthu chuma chomwecho mme- khalidwe mbali sayansi wa gawo ili la anthu. Choncho sayansi yamakono ndale afika tanthauzo lake lenileni mu moyo wa boma.

Koma akatswiri andale mukuphunzira nkhani yomweyo zonse zimene zimagwiritsa mawu "ndale" mu moyo wa anthu. Mlatho ndale, mabungwe maganizo, makhalidwe, makhalidwe, ndi zina zotero (yaitali). Zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti chinthu phunziro kwa asayansi ndale - ndale dera la anthu, monga kafukufuku sangakhoze kusintha. Political nkhani Research silingakhoze kokha kukhala osiyana, koma mlingo wa kuphunzira ndi Kukwezeleza akhoza wasintha chifukwa chotsatira (ngakhale pali zitsanzo anyamata, pamene chifukwa anali amadalira kwambiri pa chinthu anthu ndi zolinga anakhazikitsako molondola poyerekezera ndi machitidwe ena andale, koma ali padziko lonse lapansi -political sayansi, basi mmusi mwa izo).

The njira ndi malangizo

Ntchito Political Science - sayansi kulemera, ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'madera komanso kufufuza njira mogwirizana ndi zida anakopeka amalanga. Mwa kuphunzira magulu ena a sayansi ndale, anthu akupeza mphamvu m'kupita chitukuko mbiri ya anthu, zimawonjezera nkhokwe ya aluso la mphamvu, ndi kupeza njira yeniyeni kafukufuku. M'madera zikuluzikulu za kafukufuku - andale, ndipo boma ndi mphamvu ya chabwino, maphwando osiyana, kayendedwe chikhalidwe, ndiyo mitundu yonse ya mabungwe ofunda kapena ndale. Kodi ayenera kuzindikiridwa ndi mawu? Ndi munthu kapena malo ena mfundo ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo, mfundo ndi miyambo, komanso maubwenzi amene akhoza mwanjira malamulo.

Njira ya Science Political tikambirane, mwachitsanzo, bungwe la utsogoleri ndi chisankho cha malamulo ake wochita, malire a bwino, zikutanthauza yogwilitsidwa ofesi, ndi zina zotero. Mbali ina yofunika ndi kuphunzira zochitika za ndale ndi njira, amene amasanthula malamulo cholinga amadziŵika, kusanthula dongosolo la chitukuko cha dongosolo lonse la anthu, anayamba njira ndale kwa angagwiritsire ntchito iwo mderali. The Mbali yachitatu ikufotokoza kuzunza ndale, kuwerenga maganizo ndi mfundo, chikhalidwe, khalidwe, zolinga njira kulankhulana ndi luso kasamalidwe zinthuzo onse.

History of Science Political

Choyamba theoretically zambiri nzeru za ndale anayesa kalekale. The pophunzira izi anatumikira monga makamaka zongopeka ndi akatswiri koyenela malingaliro a. Nzeru ena a kumbali iyi, Aristotle ndi Plato ankachita chidwi kwenikweni osati ndi boma lenileni, koma wangwiro, njira imene ayenera nkhani zawo. Komanso, mu Ages Middle, mfundo achipembedzo Western anali lalikulu, kotero kuti yofanana ziphunzitso ndale ya kutanthauzira, chifukwa n'komwe, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe zandale, tingakhoze kokha kukhala m'madera a mawonedwe zamulungu. Minda ya sayansi ndale sanabadwe akupangidwa ndi prerequisites ichi adzakhala nthawi yaitali.

maganizo Political ankapatsidwa monga mmodzi mwa madera ambiri a zaumulungu, ndilo akuluakulu - Mulungu. Civic mfundo anaonekera mu lingaliro andale okha m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, chimene chidachipatsa mphamvu kuti zikamera ndi kukula kwa njira odziimira paokha kuphunzira njira ziliri ndale. Kuthi Montesquieu, Locke, Burke chinadzakhala maziko a njira, dongosolo, kotero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito Akutsatira sayansi yamakono ndale, ngakhale koma anayamba yokha sayansi ndale. Maganizo amenewa inkayenda yekha mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Komabe, mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi m'ma makumi awiri, ndi kuphunzira andale ndi maganizo abwino mu ntchito yawo. Koma njira imeneyi m'pofunika kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane.

njira nchito

njira imeneyi, monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa, mungathe kufufuza mabungwe osiyanasiyana zandale: boma, mabungwe, maphwando, kayendedwe ka masankho, ndipo amazilamulira ena ambiri mu njira ya anthu. Magawo a Science Political mu chitukuko pang'onopang'ono n'zotheka kupitiriza maphunziro a ntchito kunja limati ndi ndondomeko kupanga lonse ndondomeko. Institutionalization otchedwa streamlining, standardization ndi formalization ubale chikhalidwe m'munda wa kuphunzira zochita za anthu. Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi amaganiza kuti mbali yaikulu ya anthu kuzindikira zoti amenewa bungwe zachikhalidwe, ndi kuti formalization malamulo ubale ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo amagwera lonse la anthu ndi dera lonse moyo wapoyera, kupezera khalidwe anakonza zisudzo zonse mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe.

Njira imeneyi ndi amasuntha ndondomeko institutionalization. Ntchito Science Political njira imeneyi ikufotokoza andale a chilamulo chawo malamulo, umayenda anthu ndi interoperability. Apa tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo za makonzedwe nchito n'kofunika kuti chitukuko cha dziko. zakusokonenezedwa akhala malamulo apachikhalidwe nchito, komanso kusintha malamulo atsopano a masewera popanda kuyenera kulungamitsidwa kutsogolera mikangano chikhalidwe cha kusinthasintha mwamphamvu. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira kafukufuku mabungwe dera ndale zionekera monga lathunthu zochitika za mabungwe kakhalidwe ka dongosolo lawo ndi malamulo a ntchito.

Sociological, anthropological ndi maganizo njira

Kupeza zowongolera zochitika chikhalidwe anaitana njira sociological kafukufuku. Iwo limakupatsani bwino kupeza chikhalidwe cha mphamvu kudziwa njira yake mogwirizana yomwe yaikulu chikhalidwe. Ntchito Science Political Chili Mwaichi, zosiyanasiyana sayansi chikhalidwe ndale amene zikugwira deta ndi kusanthula mfundo zenizeni, ndiyo nkhani maphunziro enieni. Choncho kuyala maziko a alangizi ndale, lolunjika pa ntchito zotsatira mu mchitidwe kumanga mapulani chitukuko zina mayeso a ndale.

Anthropological njira ya kusanthula zochitika zandale, ngati tikambirana okha chikhalidwe collectivist wa munthu. Malinga ndi Aristotle, munthu sangathe kukhala nokha, popanda, chifukwa iye ndi munthu ndale. Komabe, chitukuko zamoyo zinachita limasonyeza utali mukufunika kusintha bungwe chikhalidwe, kufika siteji kumene kudzakhala kotheka kuti asamukire ku gulu la ndale la anthu, pamene anthu nthawi zonse kuyesera amadzipatula.

Chilimbikitso ndi njira zina khalidwe kuganizira kafukufuku amene amagwiritsa njira kafukufuku maganizo. Monga mwambo wa sayansi, njira imeneyi chinayamba m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Komabe, anagona maziko maganizo ake a Confucius, Seneca, Aristotle, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi anzeru wakale, asayansi a masiku ano - Rousseau, Hobbes, Machiavelli. Apa, zofunika kwambiri kugwirizana - psychoanalysis, mwakuchita Freud, amene investigates njira atakomoka kuti kungatithandize kwambiri pa makhalidwe a munthu, kuphatikizapo ndale.

poyerekeza njira

Poyerekeza kapena poyerekeza njira anabwera lero kuyambira nthawi yakale. More Aristotle ndi Plato poyerekeza m'maulamuliro osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi anatsimikiza njira zabwino ndi zoipa za statehood, kenako linapangidwa mu maganizo awo, njira yabwino makonzedwe a dongosolo la dziko. Tsopano njira poyerekeza chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sayansi Akutsatira ndale ngakhale wamkulu osiyana nthambi - poyerekeza ndale - nakhala angamulambirire wa sayansi ndale si malo osiyana.

Akamanena za njira izi kuyerekezera zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi ofanana - ankhanza, kayendedwe, maphwando, ndale kapena zochita zawo, njira ya chitukuko ndi zina zotero. Choncho mukuziona imeneyo ndi ambiri mu malo onse kuphunzira ndi mwachikulu ganizilani mfundo ndi kuzindikira dongosolo, choncho - kupeza njira kwambiri mulingo woyenera mavuto. Atalipenda Mwachitsanzo, mayiko mazana awiri osiyana ndi ambili mbali awo khalidwe, poyerekezera ndi kusankha onse zinthu zofanana ndi zosiyana tipologiziruyutsya zochitika zofanana, chizindikiritso m'malo zotheka. Ndipo tikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zinachitikira limati zina mwa kukulitsa zawo. Kuyerekezera - njira yabwino wa kuphunzira.

Behaviorism Science Political

njira Behavioristic chimakhuzana kuzipenya mwangwiro wazotsatira. Timaphunzira khalidwe chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi magulu munthu. Limagwiritsa ntchito yofunika imeneyi pamene tikuphunzira makhalidwe payekha. Kuti, sayansi chikhalidwe zandale sanapange nawo maphunziro awa. njira imeneyi kale ndi kuphunzira kukavota makhalidwe omwe adzaponye chisanko, komanso mothandizidwa ndi luso anayamba kampeni. Ndi zonse zimene chopereka kuti apange njira wazotsatira kafukufuku behaviorism anapanga kwambiri, komanso chitukuko cha sayansi Akutsatira ndale, dera ntchito njira imeneyi ndi yochepa.

The drawback waukulu behaviorism mu limapereka patsogolo kuphunzira payekha, wosiyidwayo angamulambirire ndi malo ochezera, magulu atomized kapena anthu. Njira Kodi kuganizira miyambo iliyonse kapena zochitika makhalidwe abwino. Zonse mu izo - monga adachitira rationality. Osati kuti njira zimenezi zinali zoipa. Iye sali konsekonse. America ndi abwino. Ndipo Russia, mwachitsanzo, sakutero. Ngati anthu akapanda mizu zachilengedwe, kumene anakulira mbiri yake, mmenemo aliyense - ngati atomu, iye amadziŵa chimodzi chokha zopinga kunja, chifukwa akukakamizidwa maatomu ena. zofooka chibadidwe oterewa, ayi, iye si wolemetsedwa ndi miyambo iliyonse kapena makhalidwe abwino. Izi ndi ufulu player ndi cholinga iye anali munthu - kumenya ena.

Mwachidule za ambiri

System kusanthula ankagwiritsa ntchito mu sayansi Akutsatira ndale, anayamba kupanga ndi zolemba za Plato ndi Aristotle, anapitiriza Marks ndi Spencer ndi kuimaliza kukonza Easton ndi mchiwu. Izi ndi zina kuti behaviorism ngakhalenso lonse dera andale ndi yofunika kudziletsa malamulo dongosolo, limene lili mu chilengedwe kunja ndi mwachangu interacts ndi izo. Ntchito wamba ndi mfundo zonse kachitidwe, kachitidwe kusanthula amathandiza streamline ulaliki wa dera ndale, bungwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana, kuti amange chitsanzo cha kanthu. Ndiye chinthu pansi kuphunzira limapezeka bungwe logwirizana amene katundu siife Uwerenge katundu wa zinthu payekha.

synergetic njira ndi watsopano ndi lachokera ku sayansi zachilengedwe. Kwenikweni ake ndi kuti nyumba, kutaya mwadongosolo mankhwala ndi njira thupi mukhoza kudziona bungwe. Izi ndi mwachilungamo zovuta ndi mbali yofunika ya ntchito sayansi ndale, amene amalola kuti zoonanso osati pa zimayambitsa ndi mitundu ya nkhani, komanso kudziwa latsopano njira zakale mu zachuma, ndale ndi zina zimangokhala za zochita za anthu.

Sociology mu mgwirizano ndi sayansi ndale anabereka chiphunzitso otchedwa a chikhalidwe. Poyamba, iye ankaona anthu ngati chiyanjano, koma mafakitale ndi maphokoso mafakitale, ndipo kenako analenga zinthu pomwe ena kayendedwe chikhalidwe kupanga mbiri zawo, kulenga minda vuto ndi kukonza mikangano chikhalidwe. Ngati kale kotheka kuti ndikaonekere kwa chilungamo mu kachisi kapena kunyumba yachifumu, mu zikhalidwe nsembeyi sikungakuthandizeni. Komanso, lingaliro la zopatulika pafupifupi wapita. Mu malo awo kukula nkhondo lofunika m'malo mtendere chilungamo wapamwamba. Anthu a nkhondo izi zandale tsopano akukhala osati chipani, osati magulu omenyera chikhalidwe.

Ongolankhula sayansi ndale kusiyana njira ambiri kuphunzira dera anthu andale. Komabe, mfundo zonse mwanjira nthawi lolunjika pa ntchito zothandiza ndipo amatha nthawi zambiri kuti kuwathetsa. Ntchito Science Political ikufotokoza zochitika zenizeni ndale, logawikana ndi zofunika, kukhala odziŵa za ndale, amapereka malangizo othandiza komanso malangizo kuthana akutulukira mavuto ndiponso ndale. Zokha Mwaichi ndi njira pamwamba kafukufuku ndale reused. Ntchito sayansi ndale samangofikira kufotokoza dongosolo la ndale, zachilengedwe ndi ubale, izo amayesetsa kuzindikira dongosolo, zinthu, ri chitukuko ubale chikhalidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa andale. Komanso, wolingalira chidwi ndi kuphunzira mbali zikuluzikulu za chinthu, mphamvu zolinga za polojekiti ndale ndi mfundo imene ntchitoyi zachokera.