Kodi maatomu ndi tinthu?

Tsiku lirilonse tiyenera kutenga zimene zinthu: kuwatengera iwo mu dzanja, kuchita mpheto chilichonse pa iwo - titembenuzire, taganizirani, pambuyo pa zonse, akusweka. Kodi inu munayamba mwaganizapo chimene tichipeza zinthu izi? "Kodi kwenikweni kumeneko kuganizira zimenezi? Chifukwa zitsulo / nkhuni / pulasitiki / nsalu!" - Yankho anthu ambiri a ife. Mwina ndi yankho lolondola. Ndipo chifukwa cha zimene zinthuzi - zitsulo, matabwa, pulasitiki, nsalu ndi zinthu zina zambiri? Today tikambirana nkhani imeneyi.

Molekyulu ndi atomu: kudziŵa

A wodziwa munthu yankho yosavuta banal: maatomu ndi mamolekyulu. Koma anthu ena amadabwa ndi kuyamba rattling kuchokera mafunso: "? Kodi maatomu ndi tinthu kuchita iwo amaoneka ngati" etc., etc. Mayankho a mafunso amenewa n'cholinga. Chabwino, choyamba, kuti maatomu oterowo ndi tizidutswa? Angakuuzeni yomweyo kuti tanthauzo - osati chinthu chomwecho. Ndipo ngakhale zambiri - ndi mawu chosiyana. Choncho, atomu - ndi gawo laling'ono la chinthu mankhwala, umene uli chonyamulira katundu, ndi tinthu mankhwala zochepa kulemera ndi kukula kwake. A molekyulu - ndi electrically ndale tinthu amene aumbike mwa angapo cholukanalukana mwa maunyolo covalent ya ma atomu.

Kodi atomu: kapangidwe

Atomu zikuphatikizapo elekitironi chipolopolo ndi mtima atomiki (chithunzi). Nawonso phata tichipeza mapulotoni neutrons, ndi chipolopolo - a ma elekitironi lapansi. The ndithu mlandu atomu mapulotoni, ma elekitironi - oipa, ndi neutrons si mlandu konse. Ngati chiwerengero cha mapulotoni lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi, atomu ndi electrically ndale, i.e., tikangoukhudza mankhwala linapangidwa wa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu oterowo simukuona pang'ono magetsi zimachitika. Ndipo ngakhale kompyuta heavy-ntchito zizidagwidwe chifukwa cha pakalibe otsiriza. Koma ndi mapulotoni kuposa ma elekitironi, ndi mosemphanitsa. Ndiye maatomu anthu adzakhala olondola kuitana ayoni. Ngati mapulotoni zambiri, ndi electrically zabwino, ngati chimakhala chogwidwa ndi elekitironi - electrically negative. Aliyense atomu ali okhwima nambala yodziŵika ya mapulotoni, neutrons ndi ma elekitironi. Ndipo kuchita masamu. Chinsinsi mavuto a kupeza chiwerengero cha particles awa ali motere:

Chem. mchitidwe - R (Ikani mchitidwe dzina)
The mapulotoni (p) -?
The ma elekitironi (e) -?
Neutrons (n) -?
yankho;
tsa = ref № Chem. R amafotokozera mu dongosolo nthawi ya Di Mendeleev
f = tsa
N = _{r Mukhoza} A _(R) - № _R

ndi molekyulu zimene: kapangidwe

Molekyulu - ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono mankhwala mankhwala, kutanthauza kuti kale mwachindunji m'gulu kapangidwe kake. Molekyulu mankhwala enieni tichipeza maatomu angapo zofanana kapena zosiyana. Features ya kapangidwe ka tinthu kumadalira thupi katundu wa chinthu chimene iwo alipo. Mamolekyulu zigwirizana ma elekitironi ndipo maatomu. malo otsiriza angapezeke mothandizidwa ndi chilinganizo structural. Kapangidwe ka molekyulu ndi kudziwa njira ya mankhwala anachita. Kawirikawiri salowerera (alibe mlandu magetsi), ndipo alibe ma elekitironi unpaired (valences onse zimalimbikitsa). Komabe, iwo akhoza mlandu, ndiye dzina yake - ayoni. Komanso, mamolekyulu kungakhale unpaired ma elekitironi ndi valences unsaturated - mu nkhani iyi iwo amatchedwa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira.

Pomaliza

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe atomu ndi zimene molekyulu. Zonse, popanda yekha, chinthu wapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu, ndi yamasika, nayenso, kumangidwa kwa maatomu. thupi katundu ndi chuma ndi kudziwa malo kugwirizana maatomu ndi mamolekyulu mu izo.