Pamene kupuma nsomba m'madzi? chidwi kwambiri funso kuyankha sikovuta kwa iye. Iye amapuma ndi makutu, koma mmene izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti madzi - si mpweya? Ndipo ngati nsomba ndi makutu? Ndipo ngati kupuma mpweya mumlengalenga? Ndipo kodi iwo kupeza mpweya mmadzi? Choncho mafunso ambiri uka mwakamodzi, ngati kuganizira mmene mukhoza kupuma mu madzi. Timayesetsa kupeza mayankho.
ziwalo kupuma nsomba
Waukulu thupi la kupuma nsomba ndi makutu. Iwo zili pafupi mutu wa M'mimbamo gill. Iwo wophatikizidwa limba. Komanso, iwo ali wofatsa kwambiri, choncho chimakwirira pamwamba gill chikuto chitetezo. Koma ngati makutu onse ndi kapangidwe chomwecho? Kumene ayi. magulu osiyana a nsomba ndi osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, thumba-cyclostomes makutu, pamene chichereŵechereŵe, monga nsombazi, iwo mbale. Koma mu gulu lalikulu - Bony nsomba - gill chisa. Iwo ndi dongosolo zovuta. Komanso chidwi kwambiri mfundo: mosiyana ndi nsomba zina zonse Bony "kupuma" kudzera pakamwa. Koma cyclostomes hagfish ndi cartilaginous cheza madzi ndi mpweya zinkabweretsa kuchokera kunja. Mu zamoyo wa dongosolo nsomba kupuma nthawi zonse bwino ndipo anakhala chipangizo kwambiri. nsomba kwambiri kupuma mpweya kusungunuka m'madzi, koma pali kuchotserapo, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mpweya.
lungfish
Lungfish kupuma monga momwe mitundu ina yonse. Koma pali mbali yaikulu. Gulu wakale kwambiri nsomba gill si, komanso kupuma m'mapapo mwanga. Kamodzi mitundu awa akhala inafalitsidwa mu dziko. Tsopano pali m'modzi yekha wagawo - rogozuboobraznye. Zikupezeka Australia, Africa ndi South America. Monga ziwalo kwa kupuma m'mapapo mwanga nsomba ndi chikhodzodzo limodzi kapena awiri (malingana ndi mtundu). Iwo zili pa kum'mero ku mbali ventral. Zimenezi zimathandiza lungfish nthawi yaitali kukhala mu madzi mpweya-zatha, nsomba sangathe kupulumuka chabe.
cyclostomes kupuma
Kumayambiriro kwa maonekedwe a nsomba mwina woyamba amene anayambitsa, ngakhale osati kwambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa, komabe makutu ali cyclostomes. Izo siziri ngakhale kwenikweni nsomba. Minogovye (cyclostomes) anaonekera kale kwambiri ndi osiyana detachment jawless. kupuma awo naperekanso matumba gill. Iwo gwero endodermal nanyamuka chifukwa cholekana pharynx ndi. Kodi nsomba lamprey amapuma kudzera iwo? Iye ali awiriawiri isanu ndi iwiri ya matumba gill, aliyense kuphatikizapo mabowo awiri. The woyamba amatchedwa lakunja, ndipo chachiwiri - eni, tidzapeza chubu kupuma. Komanso, dzenje izi zikhoza zonse kutsegulidwa ndi kutsekedwa. Obweretsa kupuma chubu popangidwa ndi kugawa pharynx. The kumtunda kwa zinali dongosolo m'mimba ndipo m'munsi - kupuma. Ambiri minogovyh kunja mipata gill amaphatikizidwa mu njira imodzi. Iye anatsegula patsogolo pang'ono otsiriza gill thumba. Mu lampreys ndi hagfish mphuno olumikizidwa kwa pharynx ndi. Choncho, ngakhale pamene nsomba kuika yokha mu mchenga, zikhoza kupuma. Pamene Cyclostomes chakudya, madzi likulowerera zikwama gill osati mwa M'mimbamo m'kamwa kapena m'mphuno ndi mwa akunja mabowo gill.
Kapangidwe ka zida gill nsomba Bony
nsomba Bony kupuma ndi makutu. Iwo ndi dongosolo zovuta. Choncho zida branchial tichipeza arches gill asanu. Iwo ali mu M'mimbamo wapadera wa mutu. Pofuna kuteteza Arc zisaonongeke makina, pamwamba awo chimakwirira olimba ndi amphamvu gill chivindikiro. Izo kumawonjezera ndi kukula kwa nsomba. Gill arches ndi mizere iwiri ya pamakhala kunja, omwe amapereka mwa chichereŵechereŵe Kuthandiza. Mu pali ndondomeko mpweya kuwombola. Ndi gill abwino mtsempha wamagazi ndi wolumikizira magazi umabweretsa. Apa ndi olemera ndi mpweya ndi kumenya kuti ziwalo zonse ndipo zimakhala. Pa mbali mkati ndi stamens gill. Iwo amachita monga fyuluta ndi kutetezera ingress wa particles chakudya.
Kodi kupuma nsomba pa madzi?
kupuma nsomba m'njira zotsatirazi. Pamene inu pokoka mpweya kuti amatsegula pakamwa kutsegula. Pa yemweyo gill Chipilala pazipita padera ndi gill chivindikiro, pa dzanja ena, mwamphamvu mbamuikha kumutu. Choncho, madzi umalowa pakamwa ndi amapitirira, koma kutuluka. Komanso, M'mimbamo gill mwa mpweya mayamwidwe phula. magazi mpweya, alinkudza kwa iye, ladzala. Olemera ndi mpweya, izo amanyamula kwa zimakhala onse a nsomba. Monga inu kutulutsa, kutseka pakamwa nsomba ndi gill chivindikiro wakwezedwa. Choncho, madzi cholizira kunja. Mu capillaries pamakhala pa arches gill ndi mpweya osati kokha, komanso kagayidwe madzi amchere. madzi kumasulidwa ku Mitsempha osati carbon dioxide, komanso ammonia ndi zinthu zina zimene zimapangidwa pa kagayidwe lapansi. kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane mmene kupuma nsomba m'madzi.
kupuma zina
Koma ngati ndi mitundu yambiri okhala padziko Lapansi, nsomba ndi dongosolo zina kupuma. Inde, makutu kukhala ofunika. Koma kuwonjezera pa iwo, yokhudza khungu, matumbo ndipo ngakhale ziwalo wapadera mu ndondomeko ya kuwombola mpweya, monga sacs ya m'mapapo kapena "kukhotakhota". Koma onse ayenera ndikuuzeni inu mu dongosolo. nsomba zambiri, makamaka, monga malo kusankha matope, madzi mpweya-zatha, ikuchitika intensively kwambiri kusenda mpweya. Pamene kupuma nsomba khungu? Izo basi zimatenga mpweya kudzera pamwamba pake. Nthawi zina ngakhale akubwera mpweya mu malo oyamba. chipangizo china - kusambira chikhodzodzo. Iwo amatenga mpweya ndi nsomba zimatenga mpweya kwa izo. Choncho ngakhale moyo kwa kanthawi kuchokera mmadzi. Udindo mofanana chikhodzodzo kusambira, ndi matumbo angachichite. Mu kukhotakhota nsomba M'mimbamo gill ali wapadera m'thumba dipatimenti. Makoma ake kuli atagonjetsa ndi capillaries. Mu njira imeneyi kuwombola mpweya amapezeka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nsomba kukhotakhota kupuma mumlengalenga oxygen. Iwo akhoza kuchita popanda madzi kwa masiku angapo. Ndithudi, izo si zitsanzo zonse za mmene modabwitsa atengere mtundu wawo malo osiyanasiyana nsomba. Ali zinsinsi zambiri za mmene kupulumuka ngakhale mu zinthu zovuta.