Mawu ndi kugawidwa kwa ziganizo. Kusiyanitsa kwenikweni chiganizochi mu Chingerezi

Zina ndi ziganizo sizikutanthawuza ayi zomwe zingabwere kuchokera ku kuphweka kosavuta kwa mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Nchifukwa chiyani chiganizo chomwechi chingamvetsetsedwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ngati mumakonzanso vuto lachisokonezo kuchokera ku mawu amodzi kupita ku lina? Ngati chiganizocho chili pamutuwu, mawu omwe ali pafupi nawo amapereka ndondomeko zomwe zingapangidwe kuti zisachitike. Koma nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupanga yankho lolondola. Kuwonjezera apo, izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu azidziŵa zambiri, chifukwa zimatengera khama kwambiri kuti athe kupanga ziganizo ndi ziganizo m'malo. Pokumbukira mavuto a kufotokozera ndi kulingalira, ndikofunikira kugawaniza kugawidwa ndi kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizocho.

Ngati simukumvetsetsa ndikupita patsogolo, ndi ndani yemwe ali pamsonkhanowu ndi wamkulu komanso yemwe ali wodalirika, ndi zomwe wokamba nkhani akuyankhula, mogwirizana ndi zomwe zadziwika kale, ndi zomwe akufuna kupereka monga chidziwitso chapadera - sipadzakhalanso kuwerengera msanga kapena kuyankhulana koyima ndi Interlocutor. Choncho, poyikira ndi bwino kugwirizanitsa mawu anu ndi malamulo ena ndi kukhazikitsa zikhalidwe zomwe zimapezeka m'chinenero chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kukambitsirana mosiyana, njira yodzikongoletsera idzakhala yophweka ngati mumadziŵa bwino mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito ziganizo zomveka bwino komanso zochitika zambiri.

Syntax ndi semantics

Tikhoza kunena kuti kugawidwa kwa ziganizo - ndiko kugwirizana ndi kutsindika, kapena kuti, kufotokoza kapena kuzindikira. Kusamvetsetsana kumachitika nthawi zambiri poyankhula ngakhale m'chinenero chawo, ndipo ngati chikukhudza ntchito ndi chinenero chachilendo, kuwonjezera pa mavuto oyenera, nkofunikira kulingalira kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe. M'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, lamulo limodzi kapena linalake lachikhalidwe ndilofala kwambiri ndipo kugawa kwenikweni kwa chiganizocho kumaganizira zochitika za chikhalidwe.

Ngati mukuganiza m'magulu akuluakulu, zilankhulo zonse zingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: kupanga ndi kulingalira. M'zilankhulo zomasulira, mbali zambiri za kulankhula zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe angapo omwe amasonyeza umunthu wa chinthu, chodabwitsa, kapena zochita mogwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika. Kwa maina awa, mwachitsanzo, amatanthawuza za amai, anthu, nambala ndi zochitika; Kwa zizindikiro zizindikiro izi ndi nthawi, kuchepa, malingaliro, kugwirizanitsa, ungwiro, ndi zina. Mawu onse ali ndi mapeto kapena okhutira (ndipo nthawizina amatha kusintha muzu) mogwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe ikuchitidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa morphemes kuthana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo mu kupereka. Chiyankhulo cha Chirasha chimapanga, chifukwa mmenemo lingaliro ndi lingaliro la mawu lidalira kwambiri kusiyana kwa morphemes, ndipo kuphatikiza kuli kotheka mwangwiro kulikonse.

Palinso zinenero zokhazokha zomwe mtundu umodzi wokha umagwirizana ndi liwu lirilonse, ndipo tanthawuzo la mawu likhoza kuperekedwa kudzera mwa njira zowonetsera kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizo monga kulumikizana kolondola ndi dongosolo la mawu. Ngati mutasintha mbali ya chiganizo m'malo, tanthawuzo likhoza kusintha kwambiri, chifukwa kugwirizana pakati pa zinthuzo kwasweka. M'zinenero zofotokozera, mbali za kulankhula zingakhale ndi mawonekedwe a mawu, koma chiwerengero chawo kawirikawiri chimakhala chochepa kwambiri kuposa chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Pano palinso kusamvana pakati pa kusasinthika kwa mawu, kukonzekera bwino kwa mawu ndi kusinthasintha, kuyenda, chikhalidwe.

Mawu - mawu - chiganizo - malemba - chikhalidwe

Gawo lachilendo ndichilankhulo cha chiganizo limatanthauza kuti chilankhulochi chili ndi mbali ziwiri - choyamba, katundu wamasinthanti, kapena kuti mapangidwe ake enieni, ndipo kachiwiri - mapu enieni, omwe ndi mapangidwe apangidwe. Izi zikugwirizananso chimodzimodzi ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana - mawu, mawu, ziganizo, ziganizo, zolembera, zilembo zonse komanso zolemba zake. Udindo wamasewero ndi wofunika kwambiri - chifukwa ndizowona kuti, cholinga chathu chachikulu ndicho chinenero chokhacho. Komabe, mapu enieni sangathe kukhalapo pokhapokha, chifukwa, cholinga chake chokha ndikutsimikiza kuti ntchito yowonongeka yeniyeniyo ndi yolondola. Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri? "Simungathe kukhululukira kuphedwa." M'mawonekedwe a Chingerezi, zikhoza kumveka ngati izi: "Kupha sikuvomerezeka ndiye kubwezeretsa" ("Kuweruzidwa, sikuvomerezeka ndiye kubwezeretsa", "Kuwomboledwa sikuvomerezeka ndiye, kuteteza"). Kuti mumvetsetse bwino malangizowa, m'pofunika kudziwa ngati gulu "lakupha", "silingakhululukidwe" kapena gulu "silingathe kuchitidwa", "kukhululukidwa" ndi mamembala enieni.

Muzochitika izi sikutheka kupanga mapeto opanda malangizo a chiyankhulo cha_ndicho, popanda chiwonetsero kapena chizindikiro china chilichonse. Ichi ndi chowonadi kwa dongosolo lomwe liripo la mawu, koma ngati chiganizocho chimawoneka ngati "sungathe kukhululukira," lingaliro lofanana nalo likhoza kupangidwa kuchokera pa malo awo. Ndiye "kuphedwa" kudzakhala chiwonetsero chachindunji, ndipo "sungakhoze kukhululukidwa" - mawu osiyana, chifukwa kufotokoza kwa malo a mawu oti "kosatheka" kudzatha.

Mutu, zokhala ndi magawo a magawano

Kugawidwa kwa ziganizo zenizeni kumaphatikizapo kupatukana kwa zomangamanga mu zigawo zomveka. Iwo akhoza kukhala mwina mamembala a chiganizo, kapena mabwalo a mawu ogwirizana kwambiri. Kawirikawiri mawu monga mutu, zokhala, ndi unit of terminology amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera njira zeniyeni magawano a chiganizocho. Nkhaniyi ndizodziwika kale, kapena gawo la uthenga. Rema ndi gawo lomwe likugogomezedwa. Zili ndizofunika zenizeni zofunika, popanda zomwe zomwezo zikanatha kutaya cholinga chake. Mu Chirasha, REMA, monga lamulo, ali kumapeto kwa chiganizocho. Ngakhale izi sizikudziwika, makamaka REMA ingapezeke paliponse. Komabe, pamene mchitidwe ulipo, mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa chiganizo, mawu omwe ali pafupiwo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a zojambulajambula.

Tsatanetsatane yeniyeni ya mutu ndi zothandizira zotsalira kuti mumvetse tanthauzo la mawuwo. Zogwirizanitsa ndi mawu, kapena osadziwika ndi tanthawuzo la mawuwo. Zida zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chithunzi cha zithunzi. Kuzindikira kwawo ndikofunikira kuti azindikire malemba osati ndi mawu, koma mwa kuphatikiza kokwanira.

Kuwonjezera "zomveka" komanso "zomveka"

Mu chiganizo muli nthawizonse gulu la phunziro ndi gulu la predicate. Mutuwu umalongosola omwe amachita zomwezo, kapena yemwe akulongosola zowonongeka (ngati wonenera akuwonetsa boma). Gulu la ndondomeko likuyankhula za zomwe nkhaniyo ikuchita, kapena mwa njira imodzi kapena ina imawulula chikhalidwe chake. Komanso palinso kuonjezera komwe kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ndondomekoyi - imatanthawuza chinthu kapena chinthu chokhala ndi moyo, chomwe chigawochi chikudutsa. Ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zophweka kumvetsetsa zomwe zili, komanso kuwonjezera. Nkhaniyi muzowonjezereka ndizowonjezera bwino - ndiko, chinthu chomwe ntchitoyo ikuchitidwa. Ndipo kuwonjezera kumatenga mawonekedwe a wothandizira - ndiko, amene amachita zomwezo. Kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi mu Chingerezi kumasiyanitsa zitatu zomwe zingatsimikizidwe kuti pali phunziro ndi kuwonjezera. Choyamba, phunziroli nthawi zonse limagwirizana ndi vesi mwa munthu ndi nambala. Chachiwiri, nthawi zambiri amatenga malo patsogolo pa ndime, ndi kuwonjezera - pambuyo. Chachitatu, chimakhala ndi gawo lachidziwitso cha phunziroli. Koma ngati zenizeni zotsutsana ndi zina mwazimenezi, ndiye choyamba, kusagwirizana ndi chiganizo cha gulu kumaganiziridwa. Pachifukwa ichi, Kuwonjezera kumatchedwa "zomveka", ndipo mutuwu ndi, kuwonjezera, "Kuwonjezera kokwanira".

Mikangano yowonjezera gulu la owonetsa

Komanso, kugawa kwenikweni kwa chiganizo kumabweretsa mikangano yambiri ponena kuti ndilo lokha lokha, kapena kuti mawu ndi zowonjezera zowonjezereka, zomwe zimaonedwa ngati gulu la zowonongeka. Izi ndi zovuta ndi mfundo yakuti nthawi zina palibe malire omveka pakati pawo. M'zinenero zamakono zimatengedwa kuti chiwerengerochi, malinga ndi dongosolo lachilembo la chiganizo, ndilo liwu lokha lokha (liwu loyambirira), kapena liwu lokha lokhala ndi mawu othandizira ndi omvera (mawu omveka ndi othandizira), kapena liwu lachidule ndi gawo lodziwika la ndondomeko yamagulu , Ndipo ena onse sali m'gululi.

Zosokoneza, malemba ndi zotsutsana monga zizindikiro

Maganizo akuti mawu athu ayenera kufotokozera nthawi zonse amawunikira. Kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi cholinga chake ndi kuzindikira kuti mfundo iyi ndi chiwerengero ndipo chidwi chiyenera kulipiridwa. Ngati mawuwo akuloledwa molakwika, kusamvetsetsana kapena kusamvetsetsa kwa lingaliro lingathe kuchitika. Inde, m'chinenerochi muli malamulo ena achilembo, komabe, amatha kufotokozera mfundo zokhazokha zogwirira ntchito ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyumba. Pankhani yowonongeka, nthawi zambiri timasintha ndondomeko ya chiganizocho, ngakhale zitatsutsana ndi malamulo a maphunziro. Ndipo zambiri mwazinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zonsezi zakhala ndi udindo wa "boma". Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimakhazikitsidwa m'chinenerochi, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso. Chodabwitsa chomwecho chikuchitika pamene amamasula mlembi kuti asagwiritse ntchito zovuta komanso zomangamanga zovuta, komanso pamene zolingazo zikulondola. Chotsatira chake, kulankhula kumapindulitsa mwa kufotokoza ndikukhala osiyana kwambiri.

Zina mwazinthu zosinthika sizingathe kufotokozedwa monga gawo la ntchito zomwe ziwalozi zimagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kugawa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi mu Chingerezi kumaganizira zochitika ngati kusokoneza kwa ziganizozo. Malinga ndi zotsatira zowoneka, zimapezeka m'njira zambiri. Mwachidziwitso, kutembenuza kumatanthawuza kusuntha mamembala kupita ku malo osasinthika. Monga lamulo, nkhaniyo ndi ndondomeko zimakhala mbali zotsutsana. Machitidwe awo onse ndi nkhani, ndiye mndandanda, kenako kuwonjezera ndi zochitika. Ndipotu, kumanganso kukambirana ndikuphatikizanso motere: mbali ya mndandanda umasunthira patsogolo. Monga lamulo, mbali yopanda nzeru imasamutsidwa, yomwe ikhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi vesi yeniyeni kapena yothandiza. Kusokoneza apa kumagwira ntchito yofanana - kusonyeza mawu ofanana ndi mawu ena (gulu la mawu), kuti amve chidwi cha owerenga / omvera kuti atchule tsatanetsatane wa mawuwo, kusonyeza kuti chiganizochi chimasiyana ndi mawu. Ndizowona kuti kusintha kumeneku kwakhalapo kale kwambiri, iwo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachibadwa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponseponse kuti sitigwiranso kuwachitira ngati chinthu chachilendo.

Kusankhidwa kosasintha kwa mamembala achiwiri

Kuwonjezera pa chiwonetsero chozolowezi, nkhani yowonongeka, pangakhale kuwonetsetsa kubweretsa kutsogolo kwa membala aliyense wa chiganizo, zochitika kapena zina. Nthawi zina zimawoneka mwachilengedwe ndipo zimapangidwa ndi chiyankhulidwe cha chinenerocho, ndipo nthawi zina chimakhala chisonyezo cha kusintha kwa gawo, ndipo chimaphatikizapo kukonzanso anthu otsalawo m'mawuwo. Kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi mu Chingerezi kumapereka kuti ngati wolembayo akufunika kufotokozera tsatanetsatane, amaika poyamba, ngati sangathe kusiyanitsa mwachindunji, kapena ngati n'kotheka kudzipatula, koma panthawi zina zimakhala zovuta. Kapena ngati wolembayo alibe chabe zotsatira, zomwe zingapezeke mwa kusankha kusankha. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zambiri pamagalama, komanso, pali zilolezo za chinthu ndi zochita.

Mutu wa mawu

Kuti muyankhule za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizindikiro monga njira yosiyanitsira gawo limodzi kapena gawo lina lachiganizo, wina ayenera kuganizira mawu omwe ali ndi dongosolo lokhazikika ndi kugawa kwenikweni kwa chiganizocho ndi njira yeniyeni yowonetsera. Popeza mamembala kawirikawiri amakhala ndi mawu angapo, ndipo tanthauzo lake liyenera kumveka pokhapokha, zidzakhalanso zofunikira kudziwa m'mene gulu limapangidwira.

M'chikhalidwe chofanana, nkhaniyo imapita patsogolo pa predierekezi. Ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi dzina kapena chilankhulo muzochitika zonse, gerund, infinitive, ndi sub-clause clause. Mtheradiwu umayesedwa kupyolera mu verebu mwa mawonekedwe enieni osatha; Kupyolera mu verebu lomwe silikhala ndi tanthawuzo lenileni palokha ndi kuwonjezera kwa chilankhulo; Kupyolera mu vesi lothandizira ndi gawo lopatsidwa dzina, kaŵirikaŵiri limaimiridwa ndi dzina lachizoloŵezi chofala, chilankhulo mu zolembazo, kapena chiganizo. Monga vesi lothandizira , liwu-ligament, kapena vesi, lingathe kuchita. Mbali yeniyeni ingathenso kufotokozedwa chimodzimodzi ndi mbali zina za mawu ndi ziganizo.

Zowonjezera matanthauzo a mawu

Chiphunzitso cha kugawidwa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi chikusonyeza kuti gawo la magawano, molongosola molondola, limathandiza kuti muphunzire moyenera zomwe zanenedwa m'malembawo. Zophatikizapo, mawu akhoza kupeza malingaliro atsopano, opanda chidziwitso, kapena osadziwika kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimasintha zomwe zili mu verebu, zimapereka matanthawuzo osiyanasiyana, mpaka zosiyana. Mafotokozedwe, mmaganizo omwe ziwalo zosiyana zowonekera zingathe kuonekera, ndipo ngakhale zigawo zochepa, tchulani tanthawuzo la mawu omwe ali nawo. Mafotokozedwe, monga lamulo, amaletsa malire a chinthu kapena chozizwitsa, ndipo amachisiyanitsa ndi chiwerengero chake. Zikatero, kugawidwa kwa ziganizo ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa komanso mosamala, chifukwa nthawi zina malumikizowo amapotoka ndi kuwonongedwa ndi nthawi yomwe kugwirizanitsa chinthu ndi gulu, kudalira kokha mbali imodzi ya mawuwo, kumatisiyanitsa kwambiri ndi chinthu chenichenicho.

Chigawo chogawanitsa chikhoza kutchedwa chidutswa choterocho cha malemba, omwe popanda kutayika kwa maulendo otsogolera angadziwitsidwe mothandizidwa ndi mauthenga achihebri - ndiko, omwe, ogwiritsidwa ntchito, akhoza kufotokozedwa kapena kumasuliridwa. Tanthauzo lake likhoza kuwonjezeka, makamaka, kapena kukhala pamwambamwamba, koma osachoka kumalo ake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tilankhula za kuthamangitsidwa, ndiye kuti ziyenera kukhala zosunthira mmwamba. Chikhalidwe cha ntchitoyo, kuphatikizapo maonekedwe ndi zojambula, zimasungidwa, komabe palinso ufulu kumasulira mwatsatanetsatane-omwe, ndithudi, ndi bwino kugwiritsira ntchito kufotokozera zosiyanitsa zomwe zilipo, kuti zisonyeze zomwe zingatheke.

Kufufuzira mfundo zamaganizo

Kusiyanitsa mu chigawenga chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chotsatira ndi izi: kuchokera kumbali ya galamala, membala wofunika kwambiri pa chiganizo ndi nkhaniyo. Makamaka, kugawanitsa kwenikweni kwa chiganizochi m'Chirasha kumachokera pa mfundo iyi. Ngakhale, malinga ndi malingaliro ena amakono a zilankhulo, zoterozo ndizo zowonjezera. Choncho, timatenga udindo wonse, ndipo timanena kuti nthawi yayikulu ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za zilembo. Pamene pakuwona malingaliro, chiwerengero chapakati chikhoza kukhala membala aliyense.

Lingaliro la gulu lenileni la mawuwo akusonyeza chithunzi lalikulu kuti chinthu ichi ndi kiyi amawatenga, ndi mawuwo, Ndipo zimenezi amatsogoleredwa wolemba kulankhula (lemba). N'zothekanso kuchita ojambula ochulukirapo ndi kufanana ngati ife mawu mu nkhani. Monga tikudziwa, galamala mu English kudzilamulira, chilango ayenera kukhala pano, ndi nkhani ndi mkhalidwe. Ngati simungathe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani panopa, kuti ntchito yokhala pano mu maziko kalembedwe monga akuti kalekale, mwachitsanzo - «Ndi» kapena «kumeneko». Komabe, maganizo nthawi zambiri mgwirizano ndi oyandikana komanso mu lingaliro wonse wa lemba. Motero, zikuoneka kuti mamembala akhoza zasiyidwa, ngakhale zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga nkhani kapena mkhalidwe, mwachisawawa kwa chithunzithunzi chonse. Pankhaniyi, gulu lenileni la chiweruzo ndi zotheka kunja madontho ndi zizindikiro modabwa, ndi acceptor ndi amakakamizidwa kupita mafotokozedwe m'dera ozungulira - ndiko nkhani. Ndipo m'Chingerezi, pali nthawi pamene ngakhale pa nkhani ya azimuth si anati kwa Kuwulura mamembala awa.

Kupatula Nthawi yapadera ntchito nkhani za mu njila wamba mwai amenewa nawo maganizo woonekeratu (Imperatives) ndi exclamations. Enieni gulu la ndimavutika sikuti kuchitika mosavuta kuposa nyumba zovuta chifukwa chakuti anthu nthawi zambiri zasiyidwa. The exclamations n'zotheka sudzasiyidwa mawu amodzi okha, nthawi zambiri interjection kapena tinthu. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi, kuti molondola kutanthauzira mawuwo, m'pofunika akaonekere kwa makhalidwe chikhalidwe cha chinenero.