Kodi tichipeza nthaka? dothi Sandy. dothi acidic

ndi chuma chachikulu cha dziko lathu ndi chiyani? Kumene, ndi madzi ndi mpweya, koma musaiwale za chinachake. Za malo. Ndi gawo lapansi chonde amapereka mamiliyoni mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama ndi zomera, ndi uyamiko kwa Iye pali gawo lalikulu la biosphere lapansi. Inu mukudziwa chimene tichipeza nthaka? Ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kuwerenga nkhaniyi wathu!

nthaka ndi chiyani?

Ambiri amaganiza kuti nthaka Pansi pamiyendo yawo - dothi mwachizolowezi, kuganiza chimodzimodzi za kapangidwe kake ndi ziribe chifuno chimodzi. Nthawiyi, nthaka zovuta kwambiri mapangidwe achilengedwe. Conventionally, izo lagawidwa olimba ndi gawo madzi ndi gaseous kachigawo moyo chigawo. The zikuchokera mbali olimba monga mchere ambiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakufa organic. The madzi nusu - madzi ndi mchere kusungunuka.

Chotero, gawo la gaseous anati mpweya ndi mpweya wina anapanga pansi chifukwa cha kutayikira kumeneko zachilengedwe kwachilengedwenso njira. Live gawo - pali mamiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni a bowa, nkhungu, yaying'ono-zamoyo, spores, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni zina. Icho ndi chimene chimapanga nthaka.

Kaperekedwe kachigawo olimba

Particles zinthu olimba mchere kupanga maziko a nusu olimba. Akukhulupirira kuti apange mchenga ndi dongo. Pansi mchenga anazindikira zinthu kuchokera mamilimita 1 0.01 awiri, ndi zonse n'chochepa kuposa 0.01 mm, kupanga dongo. particles onse centimeter kuposa wina awiri anapanga miyala nthaka mafupa.

Kodi muyenera kudziwa izi zonse? chakuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu izi zimatengera mtundu nthaka. Apa pali tanthauzo la nthaka, imbaenda ku ntchito zake pafupifupi agriculturists onse lopambana:

• Khalidwe mchenga, amene ali osapitirira 5% dongo.
• Sand chikugwirizana, amene ali 5-10% ya particles dothi.
• Sandy loam, mmene kachigawo dongo adza kwa 20%.
• Kuwala loam. The zili kachigawo dongo wofanana 20-30%.
• Avereji loam nthaka. Lili 30-45% dongo.
• Lolemera loam, ali 45-60% mmene dongo thupi.
• Clay.

Kudziwa dzina la nthaka, mudzatha kudziwa chimene chimapanga nthaka.

makhalidwe ena

Kumene, kapangidwe makina ali predetermining chikoka pa khalidwe nthaka ya zaulimi ku chonde ake ndi zotsalira zazomera m'menemo. Choncho, mu kuchita, loams mchenga ndi mchenga kwambiri dothi kuwala nthawi zambiri amatchedwa processing wawo kumafuna pang'ono mphamvu ndi chuma. Choncho, pafupifupi onse sing'anga mchenga loam ndi dongo yokha akhoza zimachitika nthaka katundu, chifukwa kulima ndi kulima uyenera kutaya mafuta kwambiri. makhalidwe ena nthaka ndi kwakukulukulu amadalira kapangidwe awo.

Choncho, nthaka kuwala otayirira, kotero kuphonya chinyezi kwambiri ndi mpweya. Iwo kutenthetsa mwamsanga m'chaka. Izo basi kugwera m'madzi, ngati nkomwe ndinawasunga, ndipo zatsalira onse organic kuti kudziwa chonde nthaka n'zosavuta kwambiri mosavuta kutsukidwa. Clay dothi zoipa analimbikitsa zonyansa chikudutsa chinyezi ndi mphepo. Koma chinyezi wokhutira ndi zonse za yemweyo. A zili michere ndi apamwamba kwambiri ngati mukuziyenereza Chiwerengerochi ndi dothi mchenga.

zinthu structural

zinthu zonse mchere nthaka akhoza aggregated kupanga nyumba zikuluzikulu. Ngati zodabwitsazi si anati, nthaka wa zosiyanasiyana unstructured. Chotero phunziroli akhoza kukhala gawo lapansi zabwino zomera zikule chifukwa si bwino wotetezedwa dongosolo mizu.

dothi la mchenga

Chitsanzo changwiro - nthaka mchenga. Choncho amatchedwa phunziroli, lomwe lili ku 0 5% ya particles dothi. The dothi la mtundu uwu ndi opepuka kwambiri, iwo alibe dongosolo lililonse. Awa, nthawi yomweyo yagwa zakudya ndi madzi ukuphwera mofulumira.

Kuti zina zokolola wotere zambiri kuti ayike wambirimbiri fetereza, ndiponso nthaka structural zimathandiza kuti dongo, peat ndi utuchi overrotten. Tikumbukenso kuti nthaka mchenga Pankhaniyi zinapezeka kuti yokwera kwambiri, kuyambira kusintha anafunika kuwononga nthawi, ndalama komanso ndalama.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi sindikuyesera kumenya nkhondo zawo ndi kusowa kwa dongosolo mu mchenga ndipo anasankhidwa zomera amene anakhoza kulenga wekha. Makamaka, pali cultivars ayipanga mwachindunji zinthu chipululu.

Iwo ali fibrous mizu chitukuko, zomwe tchire angapo udzu akhoza mwamphamvu azipeza nthawi yocheza wina ndi mzake kupanga amphamvu "denga". Pansi ndi pang'onopang'ono kudzikundikira zakudya, kuyambira madzi ndi mpweya sanathenso kusamba kunja ndi kumuyimbira iwo. Ngati mbewu yofesedwa dziko theka chipululu, mu zaka zingapo kumeneko anapanga zovomerezeka ndithu kulimapo nthaka.

ndi nthaka yabwino ulimi chiyani?

Asayansi agronomists ndikukhulupirira kuti mulingo woyenera kwambiri ndi nthaka ndi tinthu kukula kuchokera mamilimita 10 kuti 0,25. Ndi porous ndithu ndi bwino chimatsutsana kukokoloka. Komanso, ngati nthaka yabwino madzi mwamphamvu, koma Komanso evaporation ake zimakhalanso pang'onopang'ono.

The mwayi waukulu n'chakuti padziko mtundu wa dothi pafupifupi sumangoyambika wandiweyani zouma kutumphuka zoletsa kuti kukula ndi chitukuko cha mbewu chikhalidwe. Ngakhale amphamvu dongosolo mphepo nthaka amakhalabe integral, si zokula kunja kwa topsoil lapansi. Choncho, structural nthaka ceteris paribus adzalola kusonkhanitsa zokolola zambiri wochuluka.

Kumene mukhoza chotsatirachi ndi nthaka unstructured, koma ayenera kuwononga nthawi ndi ndalama kuyesera mwanjira n'chongoletsa makhalidwe ake oipa.

humus

Pamodzi ndi particles osiyanasiyana mchere mu kachigawo olimba mulinso humus particles. Kumbukirani kuti zotchedwa zotsalira za nyama ndi zomera, kukonzedwa nthaka microflora. Nthawi zambiri, m'nthaka yachibadwa lili wambirimbiri zakudya, koma ambiri a iwo palibe kwa zomera.

Only chifukwa tizilombo saprophytic kuti akonzanso amenewa organic, zomera zilipo kwa mayamwidwe zakudya. Chapamwamba wosanjikiza dothi lili mpaka 15% humus. Kodi ndi bwino katundu wofunika kwambiri nthaka - chonde ake ndi chomasuka processing.

Madzi ndi mpweya

Si kukokomeza kunena kuti njira zonse nthaka angabwere kokha pamene chinyontho m'nthaka. Mulimonsemo, popanda izo si kukula ndi kukhala zomera, ndi tizilombo kuwonongeka. Onse nyemba salt wa microelements, amene kusungunuka mmenemo, pamodzi kupanga njira nthaka. Kuyambira lero zichokela zomera koyenera kuti moyo ndi chitukuko cha zinthu mchere.

intervals onse pakati pa particles, amene m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa si wotanganidwa ndi madzi wodzazidwa ndi mpweya. Komabe, nthawi zina, akhoza kutenga malo a methane, sulfide wa hydrogen, mpweya woipa kapena woyera (nkhalango dothi mu m'zigwa). Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, nthaka mpweya chimodzimodzi ndi osiyana mkulu zili mpweya monoxide. Zomera kumverera bwino, ndi tizilombo saprophytic mwachangu kugwira ntchito zawo kwa processing a gawo lapansi, ndi nthaka ayenera kukhala osachepera 15% za mlengalenga.

Live kachigawo

Monga ife tanena kale mu kachigawo moyo imakhala tizilombo algae ndi bowa. Mabakiteriya ndi amazipanga zofunika m'nthaka, monga iwo kutembenuza mchere mu njira kupezeka kwa zomera. Komanso, nyemba m'chiyanjano symbiotic ndi tizilombo, amene angathe kukonza asafe mu mlengalenga ndi kuika mu mawonekedwe zidyeke.

Zofunika! Ngati dothi ali otsika pH (acidic nthaka), mabakiteriya ali ochepa. Ntchito pa kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira organic Pankhaniyi kwathunthu ntchito bowa. Kumene, pansi muli wambirimbiri ngakhale invertebrates multicellular ndipo inakhala (timadontho-timadontho, makoswe Mole) nyama.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe tichipeza nthaka.

nthaka acidic

Popeza zatchulidwazi za lililonse chizindikiro cha dothi asidi, tiyeni tikambirane za padziko pang'ono. ndi zonse za chani?

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri kudziwa ubwino wa dothi ndi acidity awo. chizindikiro ichi ndi ndale, ngati pH ndi wofanana 7. Ngati ndi zambiri nthaka zamchere. Zochepa - nthaka imeneyi acidic. Chinthu amakhudza osati kokha pa microflora, komanso kuchuluka kwa mchere kusungunuka mu nthaka ndi zakudya. Ambiri mwa zomera nakulitsa akusowa nthaka ndale kapena pang'ono zamchere, koma palinso anthu mitundu imene muyenera malo acidic. Mwachitsanzo, rye, amene yekha akhoza kwambiri asidi nthaka.

Ife kudziwa pH nokha

Izi zikupangitsa kuti babu ndi chizindikiro njira (phenolphthalein, mwachitsanzo) kuti angathe kusintha mtundu malingana ndi maonekedwe a sing'anga. Chotengera naye pang'ono dothi, kenako kugwedeza bwino kusakaniza bwino onse. Pambuyo kuti muyenera kudikira mpaka izo zikukhazikitsa slurry ndi njira sasintha mtundu. Kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo kwa mankhwala, kudziwa nthaka acidity. Kuti zokonzedwa ndi makhalidwe nthaka.

Chenjezo! Mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri amaganizira, pH si nthawi zonse. Zingakhale zosiyana ngakhale m'madera oyandikana pa munda, choncho kafukufuku ayenera kuti azitsatiridwa kangapo, kutenga zitsanzo nthaka malo osachepera atatu kapena anayi. Nthawi iliyonse ntchito feteleza (makamaka mchere) amafunikanso onani mlingo wa acidity.

Kodi tingatani kuti kusintha index?

Ngati dothi kwambiri acidic, m'pofunika deoxidize. Chifukwa chaichi, miyala, choko, ndi ena zosakaniza gawo lotetezedwa, amene mwapadera umabala makampani ulimi. Mu nkhani imene acidity basi tiyenera kusintha, ntchito peat wamba kapena manyowa. Inde, nthaka acidic kawirikawiri analandira kuchokera kwa alimi amene ntchito lalikulu zedi ndi feteleza achilengedwe.