Kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka mbalame. The ziwalo za mbalame

kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka mbalame chiyani? Kodi amasiyana makalasi zina za nyama? ndi zizindikiro chimakhala ndi nthenga chiyani? Mayankho a mafunso amenewa amapezeka m'nkhani ino.

General maonekedwe a mbalame

Mbalame - gulu la nyama, zomwe thupi lake ndi yokutidwa ndi nthenga. Ali ndi zonse ndi mkulu thupi kutentha ndi yogwira nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Luso kuwuluka ndi khalidwe la ambiri m'gulu limeneli. Kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe subordinated kuti mbalame iyi.

Mbalame mosavuta kusamuka malingana zinthu. Ndi luso kuuluka kalasi ndi ambiri, anapeza zosiyanasiyana zinthu padziko lonse. Pali za 9,000 mitundu ya mbalame.

Mbalame zimathanso anasonyeza nkhawa kutchulidwa ana ake. Kubalana kumachitika mwa chachikulu, yokutidwa ndi mazira laimu chipolopolo.

Kapangidwe kunja mbalame

thupi mbalame imakhala ndi mutu, m'manja khosi, thupi kusiya zooneka ndi malekezero. Chikopa - woonda ndi youma chifukwa chosowa zopangitsa khungu. mbalame kwambiri pali ndi ayironi amene akutumikira kwa mafuta nthenga - coccygeal. Makamaka bwino izo zinachokera waterfowl. Chinsinsi, tochoka England, ntchito kusunga nthenga elasticity ndi zimawalepheretsa kupeza yonyowa. Mu ena mitundu (nthiwatiwa, Zinkhwe, nkhunda, bustards) lubricating ntchito ikuchitika nthenga wapadera powdery, ndi kumatula kupanga ufa.

Mu mbalame zimakhala zosiyanasiyana zophuka pa mlomo wa miyendo, mutu. Mitundu ina ya mbalame (monga raptors ndi Zinkhwe), m'munsi mwa mlomo wa anatseka cere zofewa. Pa mapazi mbale angathe kukhala, fimbria, Kakhungu.

Kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ka mbalame zimadalira moyo. thupi mawonekedwe, mutu, mapazi ndi mchira, mapiko akhoza kukhala yosiyanasiyana. Izi zidalira pa chilengedwe ndi njira yodalirika chakudya.

Kapangidwe kunja mbalame. feathering

Only Maphunziro Aves chibadidwe nthenga, kotero iwo amatchedwanso mbalame. The nthenga ndi zolimba kwa thupi ndi aipatsa mawonekedwe streamlined. Cover ndiye kuunika, ndipo lofotokozabe kutentha bwino, amene amathandiza kuswa mazira. Ena nthenga, chifukwa dongosolo lawo, kulola kuthawira (ndege nthenga ndi nthenga mchira).

Sami nthenga zotumphukira wa khungu, ofanana ndi mamba zapoizoni. Kapangidwe ka cholembera ndi: thunthu lake imakhala ndi ndodo wandiweyani mathero cholembela (dzenje mapeto). Webs amagwira ndi ndodo. Iwo amakhala ndi mbale tentha mthupi - barbs. Kuyambira barbs ndodo achoka ndi nthambi, wotchedwa barbules. Ena mwa iwo chosaneneka mbedza, chimene iwo chikugwirizana ndi barbules oyandikana popanda mbedza. cholembera Large chingakhale ya milioni barbules.

Kapangidwe limapereka osalimba webs. Pa ndege kudzera cholembera akhoza kutenga ndithu pang'ono mpweya. Pamene barbules disunite, mlomo wa mbalame adzalungamitsa iwo pamene kukonza nthenga.

Monga magwiridwe a nthenga zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: downy, ndi mizere. Ife downy nthenga zimakupiza lotayirira. Komanso, pali kufwanyulira - nthenga, wopangidwa makamaka a barbules wina, ndi ndodo chimanga chosakhwima. Pali tsitsi lanu liimirire nthenga, amene M'malo mwake, imakhala ndodo, ndi pafupifupi palibe barbules. Pali tsitsi ngati nthenga, amene anatumizidwa ntchito ndikukhudzana. nthenga mizere akhoza kugawidwa mu primaries, chiongolero, opaque ndi pogona. Mtundu uliwonse wa cholembera akuchita ntchito yake. Zosiyanasiyana mtundu wa nthenga chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa inki.

Musculo-chigoba dongosolo

Features ya kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame kugwirizana ndi khalidwe chibadidwe yekha nthenga - luso kuwuluka. Mafupa a mbalame ndi zosavuta, koma zamphamvu, imakhala woonda mafupa dzenje. Pamafunikanso chigaza, msana, miyendo ndi mafupa nthambi lamba. Mafupa amateteza ziwalo.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame amatenda buku lalikulu Chibade cha. Dzenje nsagwada zikuluzikulu kupanga mano mulomo zikusowa. Msana lagawidwa m'magawo 5: khomo lachiberekero, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. The vertebrae a msana khomo lachiberekero ndi dongosolo wapadera, amene mbalame angapatutse ake madigiri mutu 180.

Thoracic vertebrae zikulire pamodzi kupanga fupa limodzi, amene amagwira ku nthiti. Pa mbalame zouluka pa sternum ali ndi muyezo. Izi ndi outgrowth yaikulu amene wokwera wamphamvu mapiko minofu. The vertebrae wa lumbar ndi sacral msana ndi zinaphatikizidwa kupereka thandizo wabwino kwa mafupa a chiuno ndi mchira zinaphatikizidwa mu umodzi coccygeal fupa kukhala thandizo kwa nthenga mchira.

Phewa lamba tichipeza magulu atatu a mafupa: ndi clavicle, scapula ndi khwangwala a mafupa. Phiko imakhala ya humerus, mkono ndi dzanja mafupa. mafupa m'chiuno zinaphatikizidwa ndi vertebrae ndi kutumikira monga kuthandiza miyendo m'munsi. Mwendo tichipeza ntchafu, drumstick Tariso (zinaphatikizidwa mafupa angapo phazi) ndi zala.

Minofu ya mbalame, yomwe ili pa muyezo kwa phewa, kuonetsetsa ntchito mapiko. Pa minofu zouluka mbalame mu gawo ili makamaka bwino anakamba. khosi minofu kupereka kayendedwe ka mutu. N'zochititsa chidwi dongosolo mkati mwa mbalame mu dongosolo la minofu ndi tendons wa miyendo m'munsi. Kupyolera mu mfundo za miyendo asonkhanitsidwa tendon, amene kutsirizitsa zala. Mbalameyo akukhala pa mtengo ndi anaŵerama miyendo, tendons ndi anatambasula ndi zala momuzungulira nthambi. Zikomo Mbali imeneyi, mbalame akhoza kugona pa nthambi, zala zawo unclenched.

dongosolo alimentary

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuphunzira dongosolo mkati mwa mbalame. makhalidwe General akuyamba ndi chigawo choyamba cha dongosolo m'mimba - pa mulomo. Ndi nsagwada fupa, yokutidwa ndi nyanga chimakwirira. Mawonekedwe a mulomo chimadalira pa njira kupeza chakudya. Mano mbalame kumeneko. Food kuwameza lonse ndi gawo lalikulu mothandizidwa ndi mlomo mbalame akhoza Vulani zidutswa abwino.

Kum'mero nthenga amatha kwambiri kutambasula. Mbalame za mitundu ina angathe kutidzaza ndi chakudya ndi samaona nkhawa. Kumapeto kwa kholingo akhale ndi khosi lotupa - ndi kutambasuka wapadera kusinthidwa kwa chakudya.

M'mimba mbalame tichipeza dipatimenti glandular ndi akulu. Woyamba amapezeka katulutsidwe wa madzi chapamimba, amene Kumafeŵetsa chakudya, ndipo lachiwiri ndi umapezeka ake. Zimenezi zimathandiza timiyala amene ingest mbalame. Kuseri kwa m'mimba ayenera intestine, mathero cesspool. The cloaca ndi lotseguka ureters ndi linanena bungwe njira ziwalo zoberekera.

dongosolo kupuma

Tipitiriza kufufuza ziwalo za mbalame. Kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame umamumvera kufunika kuonetsetsa ndege. Pankhani imeneyi, ndi dongosolo kupuma, amene ankaimira osati kuwala, komanso matumba mlengalenga ili danga ufulu pakati pa ziwalo mkati. zikwama izi olumikiza kuwala, ndipo iwo apatsidwa ntchito zofunika kupereka kupuma pa ndege. Pa zina mbalame amapuma kuwala, ntchito pachifuwa.

Mu ndege, chifukwa cha ntchito za mapiko, ndi sacs mpweya kukuza ndi mgwirizano, ikukoka mpweya m'mapapo. Liwiro mbalame imakupiza mapiko ake, m'pamenenso pali kuchepetsa matumba mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, nkhunda imapangitsa 26 mpweya pamene ndege - ndi 400. Chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa yogwira mpweya, nkhuku thupi utakhazikika. mpweya matumba kupuma apindula ndi mpweya m'mapapo, amene kumathandiza mbalame suffocate.

Mitsempha ya magazi a mbalame

Features ya kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame angapezeke ndi kuphunzira mitsempha ya magazi, imene ikuimiridwa ndi mabwalo awiri a magazi ndi zinayi chambered mtima. Large ndi yaing'ono mabwalo a makope kwathunthu, mwachitsanzo wolumikizira ndi magazi venous sizimayenderana. The mtima imakhala atria awiri ndi ventricles awiri.

Minofu mtima akhoza imathandizira ntchito zake ambiri nthawi, mwachitsanzo nthawi zina mtima nkhunda yafupika nthawi 165 pa mphindi, ndi pa ndege - nthawi 550. Features wa Kapangidwe ka mitsempha ya magazi a mbalame chifukwa cha mkulu mlingo wa kagayidwe. Mtima ali ndi buku lalikulu, zimachitika mofulumira, magazi ladzala ndi mpweya ndi dzuwa - zonsezi chimapereka ndi kotunga kwambiri ziwalo zonse za zipangizo zofunika, ndi kuchotsa mofulumira mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya.

zokhudzira

ziwalo olfactory Mbalame bwino anakamba. mbalame kwambiri akumanidwa mwayi kusiyanitsa zofukiza. Kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame, makamaka kumva, ndi olemera kuposa kuti zapoizoni. Mabungwe atamva anapereka mkati, pakati ndi makutu akunja. Yotsirizira imakhala kunja kuya Makutu meatus, lathuli khungu makutu ndi zolembera wapadera.

Mbalame bwino anayamba ziwalo masomphenya. Maso aakulu ndi zovuta dongosolo, chabwino tilinazo. Mtundu masomphenya ndi bwino olemera kuposa nyama zina zambiri. Nkhuku kusiyanitsa ambiri mithunzi. Ndi mkulu wa liwiro la mu ndege masomphenya amalola kuti aone zinthu patali, komanso zinthu zimene zili masentimita angapo, mbalame akuona bwino.

mantha dongosolo

Mu ndege, mbalame amagwira kayendedwe zovuta, kotero cerebellum ndi udindo Kutsata, ndi lalikulu. The mababu olfactory ndi bwino anakamba. forebrain Chigawo kuchuluka. Kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame, ubongo ndi mantha dongosolo amagwirizana ndi khalidwe zovuta za mbalame.

zochita kwambiri mwachibadwa - pomanga chisa, awiri, kusamalira ana. Koma msinkhu, mbalame akhoza kuphunzira. Ngati anapiye saopa munthu, ena akuluakulu amaopa anthu. Iwo akhoza kukhala wosiyana ndi mlenje unarmed, ndi akhwangwala akhoza kudziwa kuti ndi m'manja mwa munthu - ndodo kapena mfuti.

Ena mbalame mukudziwa anthu amene nthawi zambiri anadyetsa, trainable ndipo angathe kutengera phokoso osiyana, kuphatikizapo kulankhula kwa anthu.

Excretory ndi zoberekera

Taganizirani excretory ndi zoberekera, kapangidwe ndi kuswana awo mkati mbalame. Popeza kagayidwe ndi inapita patsogolo mu mbalame, masamba lalikulu. Izi wophatikizidwa matupi metanephric ogaŵikana masamba atatu ndipo ali mu dorsal makoma m'chiuno. Atachoka ku iwo ureters kutsegula mu cloaca lapansi. Chikhodzodzo mu mbalame kumeneko. zinyalala, wopangidwa makamaka asidi uric, akuthamangira anachotsa thupi.

Copulatory limba mu mbalame ambiri satero. Testes, kukula kukula panthawi yobereka, linanena bungwe nkhani kudzera mu njira mu vesicle seminal lili cesspool lapansi.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame, kukhala enieni wamkazi Ziwalo zoberekera, uli ndi zinthu zosangalatsa. Iwo apanga yekha n'kuwasanganiza kumanzere ndi oviduct, lamanja zambiri achikalekale. Ambiri mwina ichi ndi chifukwa cha kusowa malo mapangidwe munthawi yomweyo mazira lalikulu. Inyamuka ku oviduct n'kuwasanganiza, amene lagawidwa m'magawo angapo: yaitali mazira chubu, woonda-mipanda ndi lonse ndi yopapatiza nyini chiberekero kuti akutsegula mu cloaca lapansi. Kuchita insemination, aamuna amayikanikiza cloaca wake kwa cloaca wamkazi.

Kubereka ndi kusamalira mbewu

Takambiranazi kapangidwe mkati mwa mbalame. Biology osati kuphunzira thunthu, komanso kusanthula khalidwe la nyama. Tiyeni tikambirane ndi ntchito zovuta monga kubalana ndi kusamalira mbewu mbalame.

kuswana nyengo akubwera, pamene pali chakudya chokwanira. mbalame athu - kasupe ndi chirimwe. Koma kubalana mu mbalame anali mu ukapolo, monga kukongoletsa, zolimbikitsa nthawi iliyonse chaka, kuwonjezera kuchuluka ndi zakudya mtengo wa zakudya.

mbalame kwambiri ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe ali wophatikizidwa kwa nyengo, mu lalikulu mapangano infrequent chosatha. Kodi kupanga nkhosa amene anapanga awiri nthawi. Kusankha bwenzi si mwachisawawa. Tokuyut amuna kukopa chidwi cha akazi: kufalitsa nthenga, anapereka phokoso chapadera mu podwala lapansi.

Mitundu yambiri kuikira mazira mu chisa, amene akhoza adzaikidwa pansi pa mitengo, zitsamba, akubisala m'dzenje, kamakumba una. Dzira chipolopolo amateteza amphamvu, nthawi zambiri ndi masking mtundu.

Mitundu precocial (nkhuku, abakha, atsekwe, grouse, swans) anapiye kutuluka kwa dzira ndi maso wokutidwa ndi fuzz. mofulumira kwambiri, iwo anayamba kudya okha ndi kusiya chisa. Mu mbalame kukaikira mazira (nkhunda, akhwangwala, chickadees, mpheta, Makwangwala Olimbana, Zinkhwe, mbalame zodya nyama) Young kuoneka wakhungu wausiwa, osatha kuchita chilichonse.

Pakuti khalidwe mbalame za chisamaliro yaitali kuti mbewu. Mbalame kutenthetsa ndi kudyetsa ana awo, kuwateteza.