"Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika": Mwachidule, kusanthula ndi kufotokozera

"Pemphero Daniel Zatochnik", mwachidule ndilo phunziro la ndemanga iyi, - ndi imodzi mwa ntchito wotchuka mabuku zolembedwa m'nthawi ya 12 (by kopanda asayansi ena m'nthawi ya 13). Pali awiri Mabaibulo a chidutswa, wachiwiri amatchedwa "mawu". sayansi mbiri akadali sadziwa amene ali woyambitsa wa chidutswa Komabe, pafupifupi ofufuza onse amavomereza mfundo yakuti iye anali membala wamng'ono druzhina lapansi.

Maganizo ponena za mmene

"Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika", mwachidule zimene zingakuthandizeni ophunzira kuti amvetse chipilala lamavutoli mabuku Old Russia, ukunenedwa kwa kalonga, kulola mbiri yakale chibwenzi gwero komanso kudziwa malo cha chiyambi chake. Komabe, pano kachiwiri, pali kusiyana kwambiri. Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mankhwala cholinga mdzukulu Vladimira Monomaha, Kalonga wa Novgorod ndi ena - kuti anali mdzukulu wa mkulu yemweyo, amene analamulira mu kumpoto Pereyaslavl.

Choncho, uthunthu ndi tsiku yatsoka gwero 12 kapena 13 zakubadwa. Ena amanena kuti ntchito lisanalengedwe pambuyo nkhondo ya Mongol-Chitata ku Russia. Iwo zooneka ngati kalata mapemphero "Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika". Chidule cha pamanja akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo: pamtima kalonga, ndi boyars kutsutsa, mfundo zokhudza akazi ndi mapeto.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za

Chidutswa anapezeka ndi pang'ono lofalitsidwa N. M. Karamzinym. Kenako, asayansi ambiri amene ayamba kuphunzira chipilala chidwi iyi ya akale Russia. Mu Soviet Union, izo zikugwira kuphunzira ndi kusanthula katswiri waukulu D. S. Lihachev. Iye ngwa kumasulira tingachipeze powerenga za zolembedwa chinenero wakale mu Russian ano.

Zimasonyeza chakuti za wolemba anapulumuka yekha buku lina mu umodzi wa mbiri, ngakhale ntchito yeniyeniyo bwino ndithu kudziwika. Mbiri yakale, limatchula ndi mbali individualistic osiyana "Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika". Chidule cha chipilala umalimbikitsa mafunso waukulu adabvutika ganizo umoyo-ndale akale Russia.

Ndikaonekere kwa kalonga

Mlembi akuyamba kalata yake ndi kunena kuti atamupempha chifundo wolamulira wake. Analemba za mavuto ake ndi vuto, akulankhula za umphawi wake ndi za kusadalirika kwa abwenzi. Pamakhala nkhani ya mu mphamvu kalonga, amene kuunikira mmene bungwe zofunika kwambiri ataona oimira strata pakati pa anthu akale. "Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika" mu mwachidule ukusonyeza lingaliro ntchito zofunika: kufunika kwa bungwe pansi paulamuliro wa amuna anzeru.

wolemba motsindika kuti malo wodzipereka chuma ndi golide zambiri monga kumuwombera okhulupirika adzandipereka wolamulira wawo. A zambiri danga kuti amaganiziranso kutamanda mkulu. Iye anatamanda nzeru zake, magnanimity, kuwolowa manja ndiponso chiyembekezo kuthandizidwa ndi.

About boyars

"Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika", moti kusanthula ndi kufotokozera kufotokoza mbali ya mabuku Old Russia, zinapatsira ndi kutsutsa kwa anthu a kalonga. Mlembi umawonetsera kusakhutira ndi nkhanza awo, nati anasankha kutumikira mwachindunji mkulu kuposa boyars wake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ananena kuti ndi zabwino ndi alangizi chabwino mphamvu. Malinga ndi iye, kalonga sangathe kudzilamulira popanda amuna anzeru ndi olemekezeka. Ngakhale kuti wolemba yekha mu njira iliyonse kumawononga Komabe, amaona kuti iye yekha ndiye woyenera kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro monga thandizo.

Za utumiki kalonga ndi akazi

"Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika" mu Chidule wosonyeza kuti lingaliro chachikulu cha ntchito anali kulemekeza mphamvu kalonga. Mlembi amanena kuti utumiki wa anthu a kalonga Mungathe kukonza tsogolo lawo, pamene chifundo boyars osalimba ndi osakhalitsa. Malinga ndi iye, kalonga pokhapokha ngati kukhalapo kwa ogwira wanzeru ndi wokhulupirika adzatha kutenga mpando wachifumu. Chuma, ndi Daniel ndinaganiza, sasamalira bwino kapena kutchuka. Awa ndi mfundo atchula m'kalata yake kuti akufunsa kazembe kutenga ku utumiki. Pamene linaŵerengera ndi kalonga bungwe chifundo ndi malipiro abwino.

Chidule "Kupembedzera Daniila Zatochnika" ayenera ali ndi mawu ka mtima wolemba kwa amai. Iye amamangirira zofunika kwambiri kuti banja liziyenda bwino, kapena kani, makhalidwe abwino a banja. Malinga ndi iye, mkazi wabwino kuonetsetsa bata ndi mtendere mu nyumba, pamene zoipa kwambiri kuposa tsoka loopsa. Choncho, wolemba imatiuza za kusankha bwenzi moyo. Iye limatitsimikizira kuti njira yolondola zimadalira amuna tsogolo moyo wake wonse ndi tsogolo. Makamaka wolemba anakwiya pa akazi zoipa ndi opanduka amene sangathe kugonjera mwamuna wake ndipo potero agwetsedwe banja kuchokera mkati.

Pomaliza

Kumapeto kwa uthenga wake wolemba kachiwiri amatanthauza kalonga kutenga ku utumiki. Komabe, anayamikira kwambiri luso maganizo ndi chidziwitso. Malinga ndi iye, ali ndi kotunga chokwanira chidziwitso pofuna kuthandiza kazembe mu nkhawa anthu ndi zochitika. Daniel ananena kuti sukuyenda ndipo sanali kulankhula ndi anthu ophunzira, koma ndinawerenga kwambiri ndipo anaphunzira nzeru zawo zonse kwa mabuku.

Choncho, akukhulupirira ndi mtima wonse kuti ingathandizire Prince kuti malangizo ake mukhoza kukhala wofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Izi olimba azidzidalira ndi luso lilili kulankhula ndi wolandira wa uthenga kapena zochepa poyera. Komabe, nthawi zina wayamba kulankhula kwa diminutive zakubadwa ndipo wamng'ono kamvekedwe, motero kugogomeza kudzichepetsa ndi kumvera.

chilankhulo Features

ntchito ndi chidwi ndi mawu wapachiyambi. wolemba zambiri ankagwira Baibulo, ochokera mbiri, komanso ntchito yachilendo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo nthawi zambiri amachita miyambi wowerengeka, amagwiritsa mawu satirical ndi zoseketsa, amene aipatsa wapadera kulankhula umoyo mosavuta. kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana kupanga izi chipilala wapadera gwero chosiyana ndi mipukutu ena a nthawi ino. Izi zokongola, chinenero tikuyamba amapereka makhalidwe munthu wa wolemba: kuweruza ndi mawu ake, iye anali munthu wa kalasi pakati N'kutheka kuti a retinue kalonga wamng'ono wa.

The chiŵerengero cha "Mau"

Pomaliza, onse chipilala chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mankhwala wina ofanana, zomwe akuti ndi kope ake chachiwiri. Ambiri ndi Baibulo loyamba pamanja, amene akutchedwa "Kupemphera Daniila Zatochnika". Reviews mankhwala ndi zabwino kwambiri.

Poyerekeza kwa Edition Chachiwiri, wotchedwa "Mawu", Intaneti inanena kuti Baibulo loyambirira lili ndi mbali ina zenizeni mbiri ndiponso yomveka bwino amaonekera wa umunthu wa wolemba, amene kumaonekera mu chinenero cha mawu ake zoseketsa, ang'ono zina zachidule banja. Ndicho chimene owerenga kufunika kwa chipilala ankaona, molondola kukangana kuti timatha kumvetsa bwino maganizo akale Russian opeza munthu. "Mawu" ndi mankhwala a achimwemwe ambiri: ulibe latchula mbiri, mfundo munthu.