Lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe - ndi chiyambi cha zinthu zonse

Phunziro la kafukufuku yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mphamvu m'njira zake zonse ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kusintha mphamvu mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Izo zimachitika kuti liwu unachokera mu masiku oyambirira a kafukufuku m'munda wa kafukufuku mphamvu, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo mndandanda wa osiyana mitundu mphamvu anali akadali aang'ono - makina ndi matenthedwe. Choncho, dzina "yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe" molondola kwambiri kusonyeza akamanena za chinthu - kayendedwe (kulanda), ndi kutentha kutembenuka mu ntchito makina ndi mosemphanitsa. Pang'ono ndi mfundo za amakhala njira matenthedwe: kutentha maphatikizidwe, mphamvu kutentha, ndipo potsiriza, unit kuchuluka kwa kutentha - calorie (1772 M.Vilke). Kudzatenga nthawi ndipo adzakhala anakonza lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, koma chilichonse chimene chinali chifukwa cha ntchito mwakhama ofufuza ambiri.

Kuphunzira malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ena misonkhano kutengera kulola kafukufuku amasonyeza chinthu ndi mwachindunji katundu wake kuti ankaphunzira. Zinthu yophunzira umaimiridwa ndi machitidwe chatsekedwa a ambiri particles. Ngati dongosolo angathe kudziwa malire a buku linalake, umatchedwa thupi. Apa ndi panali ophunzira yaikulu kanthu thermodynamic: dongosolo la particles ali buku ena - mafuta abwino. Mu ndondomeko ya mphamvu kusintha dongosolo thermodynamic amasintha uliri, ndi kusintha akulongosola akonzedwa mfundo - magawo ndondomeko. Ngati magawo kutenga kutentha T, buku V ndi kuthamanga P, ndi okwanira kufotokoza iwo ndondomeko iliyonse thermodynamic. machitidwe onse amaonedwa yekha inati mgwirizano. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mgwirizano Mwachitsanzo, kutentha, - kutentha ndondomeko kutengerapo - chinachake amazizira likamatenthetsa chinachake. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero cha "analipira - analandira", lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, adzakhala yemweyo. Ndipo apa pagona vuto lalikulu ndi kuti kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi kusankha: Search gulu la kagayidwe mphamvu ndi kudziwa udindo wawo ndondomekoyi.

Maziko a chiphunzitso yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe zida ndi 3 malamulo. Amaganiza kuti thupi kuyamwa mphamvu, kuchuluka kwake mkati (mwachitsanzo, Kutentha) ndi / kapena chifukwa mphamvu yake mkati kuchita ntchito kugonjetsa mphamvu Link (mwachitsanzo, kukankhira plunger). Choncho, lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe mankhwala motere: kusintha mkati mphamvu U ya thupi ndi Uwerenge mphamvu odzipereka mphamvu zawo Q ndi magulu kunja A. mwamasamu, izi kudzera kusintha n'zochepa motere:

Du = dQ + Da (1)

Ndipotu, lamulo la kusamala mphamvu, tikhoza kunena, lamulo la Moyo.

Katundu njira thermodynamic zambiri tikambirana chitsanzo, kumene sing'anga ntchito amatenga mpweya changwiro chimene kungakhale mkangano ndi / kapena kuchita pa izo mawotchi ntchito mphamvu Link (psinjika - kuwonjezeka) mwa pisitoni, ndipo wina wa magawo - kuthamanga P, buku V ndi kutentha T - nthawi zonse. Ntchito lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe kuti izoprotsessam kudziwa magwero mphamvu amalandira zinthu zenizeni.

Isochoric ndondomeko zikutanthauza kuti V = const. Chifukwa chakuti ntchito makina kulibe, chifukwa buku sasintha ndi Kutentha yekha angathe kuonjezera mphamvu mkati, kenako: Da = pdV = 0, motero Du = dQ ndipo akhoza kudziwa ndi ubwenzi:

dQ = (m / M) * CV * Deuteronomo (2)

Choncho, isochoric zimachitika chifukwa kuwonjezera kutentha.

Isobaric ndondomeko kumafuna tsa = const, ndi chikhalidwe ichi ndi kukhuta ngati madzimadzi ntchito pamene mkangano amachita ntchito makina Mwachitsanzo, kayendedwe ka pisitoni lapansi. Ukachita ntchito mawu kutentha mphamvu, ndi aone kuti pali Mendeleev-Clapeyron, munthu mosavuta wodziwitsidwa zosonyeza kuwerengetsa mawotchi ntchito mpweya :

A = (m / M) * R * (T2 - T1) (3)

R - mpweya zonse, ndipo limatanthauza ntchito kuonjezera buku mpweya mu kuchuluka kwa Mfuko, ngati kusintha kutentha pa digiri Kelvin. Kutsiliza: pansi isobaric ndondomeko mpweya kubwezeretsanso mphamvu Kutentha (2) ndi kunyeketsa gawo la kuchuluka mphamvu mkati mwa kutambasuka (3).

ndondomeko imene T = const, mu yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe otchedwa isothermal. Kwenikweni ake n'chakuti Kutentha kwa mphamvu mkati chimadyedwa mokwanira ntchito ya magulu kunja preodoleniiyu. Lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe kwa izoprotsessov zikusonyeza kuti kukhalabe zonse thupi kutentha kwa mphamvu yake mkati amapanga kwa mtengo wa kugwira ntchito makina, ndipo zimadalira kusintha kuthamanga. Kuwerengera ndalama mphamvu akhoza kukhala ku akuti:

Q = A = (m / M) * R * T * (Ln (p1 / p2)).