The Transitional nthawi ya boma: Mavuto, Ndale, Society

Emil Dyurkgeym kumatanthauza maganizo "chisokonezo" monga kusowa wathunthu wa mphamvu mwa boma makamaka. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ena ofufuza ayamba opotoka chisokonezo ndi boma kusintha. Izi, ndithudi, pali ena choonadi, koma sindizo zonse, ndi zomwe dziko loyang'anizana mu nthawi ino.

KUFOTOKOZERA vuto

Mu boma zimatanthawuza kuti bungwe anthu, amene zogwirizana ndi gulu lapadera la asilikali, yothetsa mu dera. Komabe, komabe palibe umodzi zolondola tanthauzo limeneli kuti kulandiridwa mu asayansi ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Popeza UN alibe ufulu kuti asankhe ndi mfundozo chomwe boma yekha zalembedwa kulengeza ena kuti anamugwiritsa ntchito Convention Montevideo (1933).

Kodi boma?

Pankhani tanthauzo masiku ano akuti "boma", akhoza kutchulidwa motere:

• State - ndi zenizeni ndale gulu, anapatsidwa mphamvu kuti akufotokoza zofuna za anthu (vv Lazarev).
• Wandale akhoza kumva monga gulu andale amene amateteza ndi akulamulira chuma ndiponso umoyo nyumba pagulu (SI Ozhegov).

Koma, chirichonse chimene tanthauzo, boma lili ndi makhalidwe khola, nthawi zambiri kusintha nthawi kusintha kwa.

Features boma

Nthawi zambiri mungapeze chisokonezo mu nkhani za "dziko" ndi "chikhalidwe" Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Padakali pano, iwo ndi kusiyana kwakukulu: mawu akuti "dziko" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhani makhalidwe chikhalidwe kapena malo a khalidwe linalake, pamene leni "boma" anatsimikiza ndi zovuta dongosolo ndale ndi makhalidwe ofunikira:

• Kapezekedwe ka zikalata analengeza zolinga zaphindu ndi ntchito za boma (malamulo, malamulo, chiphunzitso, etc.).
• Pano kampani kasamalidwe. Izi boma ndi mabungwe chikhalidwe akhoza zimachitika.
• boma lili ndi chuma chake (ie. E. Resources).
• Iwo ali gawo yake, ndi anthu nambala inayake ya anthu.
• Aliyense boma lili likulu yake ndi mabungwe Kumvetsela (apolisi, asilikali, gulu loyang'anira pansi).
• Kupezeka kwa zizindikiro boma ndi chinenero.
• Ulamuliro (ie, State ayenera kuzindikira ndi ena kuchita m'bwalo lonse.)

Kupemphera nthawi kusintha kwa

State The akuti ndi Integrated ndi khola dongosolo, amene waukulu cholinga - kuteteza zofuna za nzika za dziko. Ndondomeko ikuchitika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ndipo ziletso, ndipo malinga ndi zimene kanthu za nkhaniyi. Dziwani kuti malamulo onse anavomera kuthandiza lamulo, miyambo ndi kukhulupirika kwa anthu, ndipo anthu ali nawo ntchito anthu malinga ndi mapangano lonse. Kunena mwachidule, bungwe landale ayenera kuonetsetsa zogwirizana ndi zonse kukhalapo kwa membala aliyense wa anthu.

Koma si zonse izi ndi mokwanira, pena pamene panopa boma zida sangathe kukwaniritsa zofuna zonse kwa nzika zonse. Nkubwera mphamvu, iwo amayamba watsopano mphamvu ya zandale, amene akuswa akale zinthu zokhudza ndi kutitengera njira zatsopano za boma ndi momwe chitukuko mphamvu. Izi ndi kusintha boma.

tanthauzo

Mu nthawi Transitional kutanthauza dongosolo la boma malamulo amene amakhalira ndi kusinthika, kusintha boma ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, amadziwika mbiri ya nthawi zambiri pamene slaveholding boma unasintha ang'onoang'ono a. Mu malo a Mphamvu ang'onoang'ono anabwera bizinesi ndipo m'malo - sosholisimu.

Zimenezi kwakhala kovuta ndi maganizo. Chingasinthe ndi mphamvu koma mbali ndi malamulo kalasi. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi Soviet Transitional boma mu 1991. Mu masiku ochepa 15 Soviet mayiko, ufulu wodzilamulira zonse, anali kupanga boma yake zida kuti kwathunthu zofuna za anthu ndi kukwaniritsa miyezo lonse.

Makamaka limati kusintha

Pa nyengo yosintha kumaphatikizapo ndi deconstruction mabuku zinthu zonse boma. zikuluzikulu:

1. Vutolo limachitika pa mavuto chikhalidwe (coups, kusintha, nkhondo, analephera kusintha).
2. Ikutchula zitsanzo zingapo za chitukuko cha boma, kupereka osankhika chigamulo wosankha njira imene apitiriza kukhala malinga ndi kusintha mbiri, chikhalidwe, mtundu, chipembedzo ndi makhalidwe a zachuma.
3. mofulumira kusintha imvera ubale zakunja dongosolo malamulo ndi m'munsi chuma cha boma wofooka. Choncho, muyezo wa chikhalidwe komanso amakhala m'munsi.
4. Wofooka ndale komanso maziko. Mu ukuwonjezeka m'dziko ndi mlingo voteji njakata chifukwa, n'zotheka kusunga boma la tsankho chisokonezo.
5. Ndale, nyengo ya kusintha kwa chimakhala chogwidwa ndi wamkulu ndi akuluakulu ogwira ntchito.

ndi wautali bwanji kusintha mu zida za ndale?

M'chigawo kusintha kuimirira mfundo zonse systemically, ndipo ikusonyeza kumapeto, ndondomeko izi zimatenga nthawi zina. Inu simungakhoze kubwera kwa kusintha yomweyo ya mapeto. Vuto si zovuta za kusintha kwa boma, komanso kuzindikira ndi kuvomereza kusintha mwa nzika.

Ngati anthu kenako azolowere zinthu iliyonse, mapangidwe malamulo atsopano a mabungwe chikhalidwe zimatenga nthawi. Izo zikhoza kuchitika kuti mabungwe atsopano osati mizu mu dongosolo kusinthidwa, ndi akale mwangwiro zikugwirizana izo. Nthawi imeneyi, katundu wapadera ndi dongosolo malamulo a lamulo la dziko zida, amene ayenera kupereka ndondomeko watsopano amafunika kusintha madutsidwe. Ndipo ngati boma samabwera kwa kalembedwe latsopano la boma yochepa nthawi, likhoza zikutanthauza kuti kusintha chikwiyire ndi zinthu zotengera malingaliridwe (yokumba).

Ngati ife kulankhula za nthawi ya nyengo ya kusintha kwa mokulira, izo zikutsiriza patapita zaka 5. Panthawi imeneyi, nthawi kupanga ndi kubwera mu zotsatira latsopano boma zida. Mwachitsanzo, Crimea. Kapangidwe ka Russia analowa mu 2014, ndi kutsogolera asayansi ndale za dziko amanena kuti nyengo yosintha itha 2019.

mavuto

The mavuto chachikulu cha nyengo yosintha mu dziko monga zinthu wosakhazikika zachuma ndi vuto kumvetsa malamulo atsopano, amene kwambiri kubweza ndondomeko ya kusintha. zotheka kudziwa mavuto yaikulu motere:

1. Ikupita zovuta kusintha. Mwachidule, anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo zovuta kuti azolowere zinthu zatsopano msika.
2. Kukayikakayika komanso underdevelopment wa zomangamanga msika.
3. Vuto la mtengo liberalization.
4. Mavuto ndi olimba a macroeconomy lapansi.
5. Vuto la mtima.
6. Mavuto pogamula udindo watsopano m'bwalo lonse.

Boma la anthu

Ndi zonsezi chiopsezo achilengedwe amakhala anthu ena kusintha. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mwachangu kuyambitsa kusintha latsopano, koma iwo sangaone kwa anthu wamba, ziribe kanthu zomwe kusintha abwino. Dziko ndi mofulumira wayamba kugwa ntchito, zolowa, chotero amachepetsa muyezo wa moyo, ndiye cholowa chikhalidwe mwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu okhulupirika.

Si kamodzi otchulidwa lonena, kuti ngakhale mu mkhalidwe mwamtendere, boma pafupi mavuto awiri: kukonza latsopano kapena kwathunthu kupondereza kulenga ndi ufulu wodzilamulira chiyambi wene, kapena anthu adzakhala ndi ufulu ndipo ntchito, kwathunthu kusokoneza zida ndale. Pa nthawi kusintha, ndi mavuto awa kwambiri kuchuluka, monga itakula centralization a boma mphamvu yaikulu ya dziko, monyanyira, ndi kuyamba kukhazikitsa njira ya azingokhala. Mavuto ameneŵa ndi ofala mayiko onse, makamaka, iwo ali chibadidwe mu nyengo ya kusintha mu Russia.

Choncho, boma ndalama tinganene ntchito yovuta, amene ayenera kuphimba mbali zonse za moyo wake, kupereka osati kukhazikitsa kusintha latsopano, komanso kuteteza zofuna za nzika za. Tikhale okhazikika, kuteteza ufulu wa kunja, kuonetsetsa Kudzidalira ndi ufulu wa nzika - izi ndi mfundo yaikulu yomwe imayang'ana boma ya kusintha. Ndipo ngati zina gawo kuti anaphonya, zikuoneka kuti dziko chisokonezo anatchula Durkheim.