Kupuma zomera amapezeka maselo a ziwalo. Mu maselo a chiwalo chilichonse mpweya amapezeka zomera?

Kachitidwe kupuma nawo, omwe kupereka mpweya wa thupi. Zomera, ndi zofanana kwa nyama. Zimenezi zimatha koloko. Kupuma zomera amapezeka maselo a ziwalo ili yonse padziko masamba, umatheka ndi mizu. Iwo kucheza maselo thupi. Ngati zomera kuchitika maselo blockage, otaya mpweya woipa ikutha. Pankhaniyi chomera tingafe.

nkhani za m'mbiri

chakuti zomera kutulutsa mpweya pa kupuma, zinalembedwa ntchito ya sayansi, AL Lavoisier. Mu 1773-1783 ankachititsa zatsopano. The chifukwa cha ntchito yake inali anapeza kuti kuyaka ndi kupuma kuyamwa zimapuma. Izi akumasula wa carbon dioxide ndi kutentha.

Kuchokera pa ntchito yake asayansi anapeza kuti mpweya ikuyaka zakudya mu pompo-pompo. Kenako ntchitoyi anapitiriza Ya Jan Ingenhousz. Kasonyeza kuti mu mdima, ndipo dzuwa ndi chosakanikirana ndi mpweya woipa ndi mpweya kusanduka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zomera pa kupuma akhoza pokonza monga NKHA ₂ ndi O _2, malingana ngati kuwala mu ndondomeko kapena nawo.

maphunziro ofanana imachitika HF Sheynbayn ndi AN Bach. Mu 1897, anatulukira chiphunzitso cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni kwachilengedwenso. Mu chaka chomwecho ntchito zofanana anapereka K. Engler. Mu 1955, O. Hayaishi ndi GS Mason ntchito zatsopano anatsimikizira kuti mpweya ndi chinthu chofunika wa mankhwala organic.

Kulunjika kupuma zomera

Mpweya amatchedwa ndondomeko chilengedwe. Amaona mbali ya zamoyo zonse. Aliyense amakhulupirira kuti mpweya wa zomera chikuchitika mu maselo a ziwalo ndipo zimakhala, imene mpweya kuwombola amapezeka. dongosolo amenewa amagwirizana ndi moyo ndi mpweya kuchotsa - imfa ya zamoyo zonse.

Chiwonetsero cha moyo inextricably zogwirizana ndalama mphamvu. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali chitukuko, kubereka, kukula, selo magawano. Sunthani ndi odzipereka zakudya, madzi, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kaphatikizidwe. Kupuma zomera ndi zovuta Mipikisano gawo kachitidwe. njira Conjugate zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni kusintha mipweya ya mankhwala organic.

kupuma ma

kupuma monga ndondomeko oxidizing. Nkhani azingokhala mpweya ndi zofunika zakudya. Kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu kumachitika ndi mapangidwe metabolites yogwira. Maselo ntchito kupanga ndondomeko zofunika za moyo. Pankhaniyi kupuma zomera amapezeka maselo a ziwalo ndi kuchita masamu ntchito okwana aone kuti pali:

C6H12O6 + 602> 6S02 + 6N20 + 2875 KJ / Mole.

The mphamvu chifukwa adzamasulidwa si kwathunthu. Part wa mphamvu anapeza mu triphosphate adenosine. Pambuyo kaphatikizidwe pa Kakhungu ndi kupangidwa mwa kusiyana milandu magetsi. chodabwitsa otere yoyamba kusiyana kwa magawanidwe a ayoni wa hydrogen amene anapanga pa mbali ziwiri nembanemba lapansi. Kupuma ndi zakudya zomera amapezeka mwa purotoni masinthidwe amtundu. Iye ndicho mphamvu chuma chofunika kwa njira woonda kunachitika selo. njira oterowo ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe chimaposa, kayendedwe ka madzi ndi zakudya. Kapangidwe mankhwala kusiyana ulipo pakati pa chilengedwe ndi cytoplasm. The mphamvu kuti sanathe kudziunjikira mu purotoni masinthidwe amtundu ndi ankakhala moyo wotayirira monga kuwala.

njira othandizira ya kupuma

Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa magawo ndi anachita ndi michere. Iwo amatchedwa catalysts mapuloteni. Michere ndi makhalidwe ena:

• kwambiri lability;
• chodziwa ntchito;
• mkulu kulunjika kwa magawo.

Kupuma ndi chomera zakudya amadalira lathu okhudza malo amene zimasiyanasiyana mchikakamizo cha zinthu mkati ndi kunja. Zimachitika lamulo la kagayidwe. Ndi ena elekitironi mfundo zokhudza njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Mitundu ya zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• angadzachite ma elekitironi;
• inalowa mpweya;
• achire wa hydrogen;
• maonekedwe hydrated pawiri;
• achire mapulotoni ma elekitironi awiri.

wothandizila makutidwe ndi okosijeni amagwirizana ndi kubwezeretsa kwa acceptor lapansi. michere amenewa amaonedwa kukhala oxidoreductases. Choncho pali disconnection wa mapulotoni ma elekitironi. Wawo kumafuna acceptor. The puloteni ndipamene kutengerapo anachita. njira zimenezo zimaphatikizapo aerobic ndi anaerobic kupuma.

aerobic kupuma

Chotero dongosolo kupuma amatanthauza ndondomeko zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. Pamene kupuma zomera zimatenga mpweya wa carbon dioxide mpweya. The gawo lapansi linawola ndi zinthu zochita kupanga mphamvu. The magawo chachikulu zomera kupuma ndi chakudya. Kuwonjezera iwo, kudyedwa kundipatsako kwa mapuloteni ndi mafuta.

kupuma imeneyi njira ziwiri zikuluzikulu:

1. Mpweya wopanda ndondomeko. Pali limapezeka pang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono kuwola a magawo, amasulidwe maatomu hydrogen ndi Mchitidwe coenzymes.
2. Mpweya ndondomeko. Apa pali pogawanikana pamawere wotsatira wa maatomu wa hydrogen. Iwo achoke gawo lapansi kupuma ndipo pang'onopang'ono oxidized. Chifukwa ndi kulanda ma elekitironi kuti oxygen.

anaerobic kupuma

Chotero zomera kupuma kumachitika mwa tizilombo okhala padziko chomera maselo. Kuti oxidize zinthu sizigwiritsa ntchito mpweya maselo. Iwo ayenera mchere wa nitric, carbonic ndi sulfuric asidi, chimene n'kukhala njira yaitali anachira pawiri. The mphamvu chofunika zimatheka ndi pogawanikana pamawere molekyu organic pa zophweka kwambiri. Chomaliza elekitironi acceptor ankaona carbonates, sulfates ndi ku feteleza. Nitric mchere, asidi sulfuric acid carbonic mtima kuchepetsa mankhwala.

dongosolo muzu

Mbali yaikulu ya zomera mizu ndi kupuma. Pakuti kukula yogwira zomera zofunika mpweya wabwino akubwera mu dongosolo mizu. kupuma koteroko anachita kudzera mpweya omwe amazungulira mu pores lalikulu.

Pamene noncapillary porosity pa yamvumbi yaitali kapena owonjezera chinyezi mu mphika dothi supersaturated ndi chinyontho. Nthawi imeneyi, ndi mizu akukumana asphyxia. Ena subspecies wa mbewu kupuma kupyolera mu mpweya kusungunuka chinyezi lapansi. Pamene otaya uyu wa madzi ayenera akufalitsa kapena loyenda. Pamene stagnation a mizu chinyezi wa zomera sali kutenga mpweya kutero.

Mu zifukwa zofunikila pa kupuma zomera zimatenga mpweya. Koma mode patsogolo, iyo siyingakhoze kutsogolera zonse mpweya kuwombola. Growth kubweza pansi kwambiri. Poyerekezera asafe okusijeni yafupika ndi 21%. Kutsirizitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wa m'nthaka. Chomera likuthandiza mpweya umene umabwera pa ndalama za masamba, mapulaniwo ndi khungwa la mbewu.

kupuma Meaning

Kupuma zomera amapezeka mu maselo ndi ziwalo ndi lalikulu kagayidwe kachakudya ndondomeko. The mphamvu kuti adzamasulidwa pamene kupuma yaikulu pa kukula ndi ntchito ya zomera.

chomera kupuma poyerekeza ndi dzuwa. ndondomeko udzadutsa magawo angapo. Pamisinkhu wapakatikati anapanga ndi mankhwala organic. Iwo ntchito zosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya. Zikuphatikizapo pentoses ndi organic zidulo amene anapanga pa oipa kupuma. Choncho, kupuma amati gwero la metabolites.

dongosolo kupuma imatengedwa zofanana mphamvu katundu NADPH ndi ATP. pamene kupuma Chipinda kubala oxygen. Mu ndondomekoyi, anthu a zomera, madzi aumbike. Pamene madzi m'thupi ambabzala chimateteza izo ku chiwonongeko.

Nthawi zina kupuma mphamvu angathe kubwezeretsedwanso monga kutentha. Pankhaniyi, ndondomeko kupuma chingandithandize ndi ndalama zosafunika pa nkhaniyi youma. Kuchuluka kupuma ndondomeko mbewu pakokha milandu onse, ndi zothandiza.