Liniya ndi zitsanzo sanali liniya kulankhulana

Musanayambe kusankha chitsanzo zoyamba za kulankhulana, m'pofunika kumvetsa kuti kwenikweni, kulankhulana. Pali matanthauzo angapo ndondomeko imeneyi, omwe mu njira ina amadziwika izo. Mu mawu ambiri onse, kulankhulana amatchedwa nzeru zambiri pakati pa anthu (ndipo osati) pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ochiritsira ndiponso yomveka. G.Gerbner kumatanthauza ngati njira chikhalidwe cha zimachitika kudzera mauthenga, A.P.Panfilova kulankhulana ndondomeko amatchedwa kuwombola wapadera wa mudziwe, pa kuchita zomwe anthu ake anasamutsidwa zili amamvera ndi ozindikira. Osiyana tanthauzo akufuna I.A.Richards kuitana kulankhulana chodabwitsa chimene chikumbumtima zokhudza munthu pa malingaliro a wina, kotero kuti zinagwira chokuchitikirani ofanana ndi ake.

Communication monga mogwirizana ndi chofunika chimakhuzana chithunzithunzi kapena chitsanzo. Polongosola zitsanzo kulankhulana, m'pofunika choyamba, mwatchulidwa wakhala buku chitsanzo «5W» American kafukufuku G.Lassuella. Amakhala ndi zigawo zisanu:

1) amawatenga (amene akunena);

2) okhutira mfundo (kuti akunena);

3) njira kuwombola mudziwe (chinenero, zizindikiro, ngalande);

4) wogwiritsa mudziwe wolandira (amene imafalikira);

5) Chifukwa chomaliza kulankhulana (zotsatira komaliza zimene timaphunzira).

zitsanzo kulankhulana amatchedwa liniya ndi yodziwika ndi chimodzi-pointedness, mmene mwachindunji pa winayo, lomwe limapezeka kuno monga gwero la nkhani m'njira iliyonse akuchitira kwa izo. Nthawi zambiri zitsanzo ngati anyozedwa pachifukwa chakuti akuuzidwa mu njira imodzi yokha, ndipo alibe kuganizira mbali yofunika kwambiri - cholinga chachikulu cha ndondomeko chofunika mu kusanthula nchito zake. Liniya kulankhulana chitsanzo adati Dzh.Gerbner, U.Shramm, R.O.Yakobson, K.Shennon komanso ofufuza ena.

Akuima ndi wachiwiri dongosolo gulu kulankhulana. Pamafunikanso sanali liniya chitsanzo cha kulumikizana: zokambirana munda, zokambirana, etc. Apadera Russian wasayansi ndi philologist Bakhtin adafotokoza lingaliro la chitsanzo dialogic kulankhulana, ozikidwa pa zofunikira ziwiri kumvetsa ndondomeko ya zopanda izi.

Choyamba, Bakhtin ananena kuti ndi chofunika kwambiri ndi kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha asalankhulenso ndi kutsata ake, kuvomerezedwa mankhwala aliyense, ndiye pamaso womvera, popanda zomwe sipangakhale wokamba.

Kachiwiri, mawu alionse anapatsa ndi nzeru yekha ndi nkhani zina pa nthawi inayake ndi malo. M'mawu ena, malamulowo mawu monga chizindikiro palokha sizikutanthauza chirichonse ndi bwino m'lembali, munthu kuwerenga, ndi wina kuwerenga latsopano amalenga matanthauzo atsopano a mawu. Lililonse latsopano kuwerenga kapena kumvetsera kulenga mawu anu.

Non-liniya zitsanzo zotenga kulankhula kukayikira "kufala deta" mawu wokha. Chile kafukufuku U.Maturana amakhulupirira kuti mawu okha amatanthauza adanyamuka njira kulankhulana olowa kwambiri kapena zochepa kumvetsa chimodzimodzi chinthu chachitatu, ayi, si chimene iwo anali nacho mu malingaliro, aliyense wa ophunzira mu ndondomekoyi.

Gestalt madokotala pochita zinthu ndi mtima ndi kuzindikira nkhani yake ndi munda lingaliro. Ndi maziko ena amene akubisa funso la wodwalayo zinayang'ana dokotala, wachibale wawo kwa wina ndi mzake monga mamembala a ankachita kulankhula, komanso logwirizana ndi kulankhula mawu analankhula kuchokera pamaso pa nazo moyo wa aliyense. maziko awa ndi a kazembe, ndale. Imathandiza kupewa mu mogwirizana ndi kukwaniritsa chifukwa analakalaka ntchito achire, ngakhale ophunzira osiyana pa zimene zotengera malingaliridwe kulankhulana lotha.

Model a mawailesi amagwiritsidwa ogaŵikana liniya ndi zokambirana. Kusiyana ndi asunga mwa magawo zoyambirira za ndondomeko kulankhulana. Choncho, ngati magwero kulankhulana lotha ali banja, anansi ndi mabwenzi pa TV - ndi mabungwe lonse chikhalidwe. kulankhulana lotha nkhope kwa nkhope, ndi misa - kudzera njira zosiyanasiyana sayansi, mmene pa mtunda akumidzi. Pomaliza, mu kulankhulana lotha zingaoneke kulankhulana mwachindunji pakati pa ophunzira ndi kuwona ndi kuvomera moyo pamenepo, ubwenzi woterewu si mwachindunji, mosadziwika kapena kuchedwa pa mawailesi.