Ma epitaphs - miyala yamanda pamabwinja

Zolembedwa miyala ya miyala yamtengo wapatali polemekeza wofayo zimatchedwa epitaphs. Mwachikhalidwe iwo ali olemba ndakatulo, koma amapezeka, mwachitsanzo, mwa mawonekedwe a aphorisms kapena zolemba za malemba opatulika, omwe ndi osavuta kukumbukira. Cholinga cha epitaphs zambiri zotchuka ndi kumupempha wowerenga kuti amuchenjeze za imfa yake. Ena mwa iwo amadzisankha okha panthawi ya moyo wawo, ena - omwe ali ndi udindo woikidwa mmanda. Zimadziwika kuti olemba ndakatulo otchuka, pakati pawo William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, adadzilembera okha zilembo za epitaphs.

Zolembedwa miyala ya miyala yamtengo wapatali zimachokera ku zokamba za ndakatulo, zomwe zinatchulidwa kulemekeza womwalira pa tsiku la maliro ake ndipo anabwerezedwa pazochitika. Kale ku Greece ndi Roma wakale, iwo anapangidwa kukhala mtundu wa "epitaph" (kuchokera ku mawu Achigiriki akuti "pamwamba" ndi "manda"). Pambuyo pake, pofuna kusunga kukumbukira anthu ena omwe adachoka pa dziko lapansi, iwo analembedwa pa zipilala zomwe adaziika. Ena adadzazidwa ndi ululu ndi chifundo, ena - osaphweka, ngakhale panali ena omwe ankanena za imfa basi.

Malembo a miyala yamtengo wapatali anali osiyana, malinga ndi miyambo ya anthu ena. Kotero, Aroma anali atcheru kwambiri ndi epitaphs. Iwo amakhoza kuwerenga zochititsa chidwi za anthu omwe anamwalira za ntchito yawo ya usilikali, zandale kapena zamalonda, maukwati, ndi zina zotero. Kawirikawiri, panali matamando chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha thupi komanso makhalidwe abwino. Mphindi kapena yaitali, ndakatulo kapena prosaic, koma malipoti onse a maliro amasonyeza maganizo a achibale, mabwenzi a wakufayo. Mwachitsanzo, Cicero, kumanda a mwana wake wamkazi Tullius anapanga epitaph mwachidule, yomwe imamva chisoni kwambiri: "Tulliola, Filiola" ("Tulliola, mwana wamkazi").

Manda ndi malo abwino kwambiri komanso malo opindulitsa kwambiri pophunzira mbiri ya anthu. Gravestones ndi zomwe iwo ali nazo zimapereka chiyambi choyambirira cha kufufuza kwa mafuko onse. Ena mwa iwo akhoza kukhala ndi mayina a wakufayo komanso masiku a miyoyo yawo, ena amafotokoza mbiri yokhudza mibadwo yambiri ya banja limodzi, maubwenzi pakati pa anthu pa moyo wawo (mwamuna, mkazi, mwana, mlongo, etc.), ntchito zawo zamalonda. Kwa zaka zambiri, malemba a miyala yamtengo wapatali akhala akudziwika ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale komanso olemba mbiri. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka 1900, ku Western Europe chikhalidwe, kwa anthu omwe anamwalira omwe anali ndi maudindo akuluakulu pa moyo wawo wonse, iwo anali ataliatali kwambiri, akufotokozera zochitika zenizeni za mabanja awo, omwe ali ndi zambiri zokhudza ntchito zawo, kutamanda machitidwe abwino, komanso nthawi zambiri kupereka chidziwitso chokhudza achibale awo.

Zosangalatsa ndizo zizindikiro za imfa zomwe zalembedwa pazikumbutso, osati zowonongeka chabe. Epitaphs amasungira kukumbukira anthu akufa, amatsindika mfundo yakuti chirichonse ndi chirichonse chikufa. Monga lamulo, ikhoza kukhala chigaza ndi mafupa ophwanyika, belu yomwe imayika kumaliro, bokosi ndi hourglass imajambula nthawi imeneyo siimayima ndipo imatibweretsa pafupi ndi imfa, kapena kuti hoglass ndi mapiko, komanso kuwonetsera nthawi.