Mafuta a dizeli ndi ... Mitundu, maphunziro, magulu, makalasi a mafuta a dizilo

Mafuta a dizeli - awa ndi okalamba okwanira, koma akadali ndi mafuta omwe amapanga mafuta a pistoni. Ndipo ngati poyamba ntchitoyi yaying'ono chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mankhwala ndi poizoni, magalimoto ambiri ali ndi injini ya dizilo, ndipo asayansi akugwira ntchito kuti apange ntchito komanso kupanga dizilo mosamala.

Kodi mafuta a dizilo ndi chiyani?

Mafuta a dizeli ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri, omwe maziko ake ndi ma hydrocarboni okhala ndi malo otentha a 200-350 ° C. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mafuta mu injini ya dizilo ndi gasi ya diesel injini.

Bwanji mu dizilo? Chifukwa chakuti mosiyana ndi injini za mafuta, momwe mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya amawotchera kuchokera ku spark, mu injini ya dizeli ya pistoni, mafuta amawotchera pang'onopang'ono.

Kunja, mafuta a dizilo ndi madzi owonekera ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa mafuta, mtundu umene ukhoza kukhala wachikasu ndi wofiirira mosiyana. Mtundu umakhudzidwa ndi utomoni wa mafuta.

Mukatenthedwa, mafuta aliwonse amapanga mphamvu. Mafuta a dizilo, kuwonjezera pa ntchitoyi yaikulu, amachita ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri mu injini. Zimapangitsa kuti ziphuphu zisawonongeke m'mapiritsi ndi mapampu, zimatentha makoma opangira moto ndipo zimayendetsa magetsi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a dizilo

Mitsinje yamadzi ndi mtsinje, ma diziloti, magulu ankhondo ndi zaulimi, magalimoto - zoyenda zonse zolemetsa zimagwira pa injini za dizilo.

Zaka makumi anayi zapitazo zotchuka m'mayiko otukuka ku Ulaya ndi galimoto yomwe imayenda pa dizilo. Mafutawa ndi 40% mu injini ya dizilo ndi yocheperapo, ndipo kuyesetsa, mphamvu, chidziwitso ndi chitetezo cha mpweya wotopa ndi zazikulu kuposa mafuta.

Mafuta a dizeli ndi opaleshoni komanso amawononga mafuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu jenereta jenereta za malo osungirako magetsi ndi mafoni, pamadzi otentha otetezera.

Mafuta a dzuwa, omwe amadziwika kuti amatchedwa dzuwa basi, amatsitsa mafuta a dizilo ndi mavitamini ambiri komanso otentha mpaka 400 ° C. Mtundu uwu wa mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa injini zotsika kwambiri pamadzi ndi sitima zoyendetsa sitima, matrekta. Kuwonjezera apo, ukalipentala umaphatikiza khungu kogulitsa khungu. Mafuta a dzuwa ndi mbali ya madzi odzola pamoto pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito kudula ndi kuumitsa madzi panthawi ya chithandizo cha kutentha.

Mfundo Zazikulu

Nambala ya Cetane (yomwe imayambira mafuta) imatanthauzira kutentha kwa mafuta. Zimatengera nthawi yozengereza yotentha ya ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe ndi nthawi yomwe imadutsa pakati pa jekeseni wa mafuta m'zitsulo ndi kuyambika kwake. Ndifupika nthawiyi, nambala iyi ndi yapamwamba, ndipo nthawi yotentha ya injini ndi yochepa. Zoona, izi zimapangitsa utsi kutha, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pa chiwerengero cha apaani pamwambapa 55.

Kwa jekeseni ndi majekeseni a jekeseni wa mafuta, mamasukidwe ake amtunduwu ndi ofunikira, zomwe zimayambitsanso mafuta

Kuchuluka kwake kwa mafuta a dizilo kumadalira mphamvu yake komanso chuma chake, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvuyi, mphamvu zimapangidwira panthawi yotentha.

Chikhalidwe chofunika ndi kuchuluka kwa sulufule yomwe dizeli imakhala nayo. Izi ndi mankhwala a sulfure, omwe amachepetsa kukana kutentha kwa mafuta.

Mphamvu ya dizilo imasonyezanso ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mafuta, kutanthauza kutentha kumene mafuta a dizilo ndi obiriwira moti sichidutsa konse kapena pang'onopang'ono kudutsa mu fyuluta ndi miyeso yina.

Pansi pa mtambo, ndiko kutentha kumene parafini, yomwe ili mu mafuta, imayamba kumira.

Mitundu ya mafuta a dizilo

Mpaka 2015, mafuta a dizilo mu Russian standards anagawanika kukhala mitundu. Muyeso ya boma, yakhazikitsidwa mu January 2015, kugawanitsa kumagwirizana ndi kugawidwa kukhala magulu a zachilengedwe mogwirizana ndi mchitidwe wa ku Ulaya ndipo umachitika molingana ndi sulfure zomwe zili mafuta. Sulfure zomwe zilibe zoposa 350, 50 ndi 10 mg / makilogalamu zimagwirizana ndi mitundu I, mitundu II ndi mitundu III mogwirizana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso zachilengedwe K3, K4 ndi K5 malingana ndi chikhalidwe chatsopano cha boma.

Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito mafuta omwe ali ndi sulfa yambiri, chifukwa izi zimapangitsa mpweya woipa kulowa m'mlengalenga, zimachepetsa kutupa ndi kuvala kwa zinthu zamagetsi, motero, zimapangitsa kuti mitengo yowonongeka ndi mafuta iwonjezeke. Monga lamulo, kusintha kwa zinthu zina kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa ena. Kuchepetsa sulfure ndi kuchepa kwa mafuta a dizilo. Choncho, pofuna kusunga imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu, zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zimayikidwa ku mafuta.

Mafuta a dizilo osiyanasiyana

Dizilo ya dizilo imasiyana mozizira, pansi pake simungagwiritse ntchito mafuta. Monga momwe, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo molingana ndi sukulu, chilimwe ndi nthawi-nyengo-dizeli mafuta ndi wosweka ndi index osati otsika kuposa -20 ° С.

Zosiyanasiyana A zimadziwika ndi kutentha kwa osachepera 5 ° C pamwamba pa zero. Pa garaja lotsatira B, C, D, E ndi F, chizindikirochi chachepetsedwa ndi 5 ° C.

Chitsanzo ndi EURO, dilasi C, mitundu ya II ndi III, kapena mu njira yatsopano yamagulu a K4 ndi K5, ndi kutentha kwa madigiri mpaka madigiri asanu pansi pa zero ndi sulfure zomwe zilibe ndalama zopitirira 50 ndi 10 milligrams pa kilogalamu ya mafuta.

Malasi a mafuta a dizilo

Kugawanika kukhala magulu a mafuta a dizilo chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira kapena yozizira sizimangochitika pokhapokha malingana ndi filterability kutentha, chikhalidwe chachiwiri ndi mtambo wotsika kutentha. M'nyengo yozizira ndi mafuta a dizilo, pamatentha, paraffin crystallization imayamba, zomwe zimaipitsa ntchito.

Ngati kutchulidwa kwa mafuta a dizilo pambuyo pa kutchulidwa kwa DTs si kalata, koma chiwerengero, ndiye kuti mafutawa ndi ozizira kapena otentha.

Zithunzi za mafuta a dizilo

Malinga ndi zomwe zimagwira ntchito, maonekedwe ndi machitidwe a ntchito, mafuta a dizilo amagawidwa m'magulu anayi, omwe amadziwika ndi zilembo zazikulu:

- Chilimwe (L), chomwe chimaphatikizapo mlingo wa mafuta A, B, C, D ndi kuchepetsa filability temperature kuyambira +5 mpaka -10 ° C. Dizilo iyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kutentha kosachepera 0 ° С.

- Pakati pa nyengo (E), masamba E ndi F, ndi kutentha kwa -15 ndi -20 ° C, motero, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja, pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kumakhala pakati pa +5 ndi -5 ° C.

- Zima (З), zomwe zigawidwa m'masukulu kuyambira 0 mpaka 3 komanso kusungunuka kutentha kuchokera pa -20 mpaka -38 ° С ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlengalenga kutentha 20 ° С.

- Mkalasi A (kalasi A) mafuta ndi kutentha kutentha kutsika mpaka 44 ° C ndi kutentha kwapansi mpaka 50 ° C (mu zolemba, mtengo woipa nthawi zambiri umatsagana ndi mawu akuti "kusiya" m'malo mwa chithunzi kuti musamadziwitse).

Kuyika mafuta

Mitundu ya mafuta ya dizili imatchula dzina (DT), kalasi kapena kalasi, malingana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito komanso chilengedwe. Ndiko, chizindikiro chimatanthawuza magawo awiri okha: sulfa yokhutira ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwake.

Masiku ano, n'zotheka kupeza zizindikiro zatsopano ndi zochepa, mwachitsanzo, DT yozizira ya EURO 5 kalasi F, yomwe imayimira mafuta a dizilo m'nyengo yozizira ndi sulfure zomwe sizinapite 50 mg / makilogalamu ndi kutentha kwapakati pa 20 ° C, ndiko kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri Russian nyengo yozizira yomwe ili ndi zofunikira za mafuta.

Pakalipano, kuyika kwa L2-6-62, ndiko kuti mafuta a chilimwe apamwamba kwambiri, kusonyeza kuchuluka kwa sulfure (200 mg / makilogalamu) ndi malo ofotokoza a 62 ° C, amapezedwanso. Kuwala sikutanthauza chizindikiro chachikulu, koma mofanana ndi zina, kutentha ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kumatengedwa kuti ndibwino kwambiri kuteteza moto.

Kusunga mafuta a dizilo

Kwa wogulitsa wamba yemwe ali ndi galimoto yake yokha ndi injini ya dizilo, vuto la kusunga mafuta a dizilo siloyenera.

Koma kwa mafakitale kumene mafuta amagulidwa mochuluka ndi kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, vuto la kusungirako ndilofunika kwambiri.

Kusungirako mafuta a dizilo ndi kotheka kutentha kwa 20 ° C pachaka ndipo pamakhala kutentha pamwamba pa 30 ⁰ C kuchokera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kupita chaka muzitsulo zosindikizidwa, zotetezedwa ku dzuwa.

Pa nthawi yosungirako, mafuta sayenera kugwirizana ndi mkuwa, mkuwa kapena zinki, kuti mafuta asakanike ndi mankhwala omwe amachitidwa ndi mankhwalawa. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iyenera kutetezedwa ku chinyontho ndi fumbi ndipo zisakhale ndi zina zomwe zingathe kugawidwa panthawi yosungirako. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta a dizilo omwe ali ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zachilengedwe amawonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere makhalidwe odzola, omwe amabala mofulumira kwambiri.

Kuti mafutawa ndi abwino kwambiri, kukula kwa ntchito yake kukukulirakulira. Pali mitundu yatsopano ya mafuta a dizilo komanso magetsi atsopano. Tsopano pali zatsopano, ndipo mafuta a dizilo sapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta okha. Mwinamwake tsogolo ndi la dizilo mafuta ochokera ku masamba a masamba.