Russian umoyo ndale gulu la 1800-1900

kayendedwe ndale komanso mu Russia m'zaka 19 ankasiyana m'lifupi mwake zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana kanthu. Izi kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza mapeto a dziko m'tsogolo.

Pa zana loyamba monga gulu umoyo ndale anapanga conservatism. Karamzin (ongolankhula ake) ananena kuti ufumu pamene kwathunthu kwambiri kukumana mlingo watsopano wa chitukuko cha maphunziro ndi makhalidwe anthu.

Mu nthawi ya zaka kuyambira 1830 mpaka 1840 Kutsutsana ndi mkangano za wapadera wa Russian njira zakale analanda mabwalo ochezera. Choncho, umoyo ndale kayendedwe "Azungu" ndi "Slavophiles".

Ziwerengero chachikulu azungu anali gulu la aphunzitsi, olemba, publicists Petersburg (Cavelin, Botkin, Granovsky). Iwo ankanena za chitukuko cha chilamulo ambiri m'mayiko onse kutukuka. The peculiarity wa Russia zinaoneka okha backwardness ake ochokera m'mayiko ena, onse mu dera andale ndi azachuma. Azungu ankakhulupirira amaonera patsogolo mitundu okonzeka zopangidwa a moyo ndi zachuma ndi mavuto zofunika zinayang'ana chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro. Mwa ichi, iwo kwenikweni amatanthauza chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, kalasi kusiyana pa mlingo malamulo, kuonetsetsa ufulu entrepreneurial, chitukuko cha boma m'deralo ndi democratization a dongosolo milandu.

Azungu ankatsutsa Slavophiles. Pakati kanjedza kutsogolera gulu limeneli ayenera kutchedwa abale Aksakov, Khomyakov, Kireevskys abale. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti kayendedwe mbiri ya Russia ndi ukasintha osiyana m'njira mayiko Western European. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anamukana chiphunzitso chakuti backwardness andale ndi azachuma wa Dziko Lathu, kuti boma amakhala ndi dissimilarity mfundo European.

kayendedwe ndale komanso a 1840s munali makamaka wa asilikari ndi ophunzira. Kugwirizana iwo mozungulira Butashevich- Petrashevsky. mamembala Current kuchita zinthu yogwira maphunziro, bungwe limasuliridwe Buku dikishonale ya okhutira demokalase ndi chikhalidwe.

kayendedwe ndale komanso a 1860s ndi chinathandiza mapangidwe kachitidwe palokha, monga liberalism. maziko ake ali latsopano magazini, manyuzipepala, matupi m'dera kudzikonda, yunivesiteyo. Liberalism anali zosiyanasiyana. phiko lake lamanzere unali olumikizidwa ndi mobisa chosintha, ndi bwino - kwa okuyang'anirani msasa.

Mu 1860s oyambirira anapanga Sleptsova Chernyshevsky ndi atsogoleri ena a kayendedwe "Land and Ufulu" ndi mphamvu zokwanira kukhala mu bungwe zonse Russian. Komabe, patapita linagawanika m'magulu awiri. Choncho anapanga gulu umoyo ndale, amatchedwa "kusokonekera" ndi "Will anthu". The chachiwiri zoona, anakhala m'malo mwa "Land and Ufulu".

kayendedwe Russian ndale komanso za m'ma 19 kuti 1870s pang'onopang'ono n'kupita ku zinthu zatsopano. Choncho, kuyambira 1874 zinayambira ndithu misa kuchoka kwa anthu, amene anali nawo zikwi anyamata ndi atsikana.

Pakati pa 1870-E - 1880-ntchentche nakweza kayendedwe Russian antchito. Zinapangitsa gulu loyamba la proletariat ku Odessa ndi St. Petersburg, ngakhale wosaperewera ake, mu Baibulo la boma ake maudindo.

Activities mapangidwe "Kumasuka wa Labor", pansi pa utsogoleri wa Plekhanov, anayamba kutembenuza ndi kugawa mu Russia, Chichewa ndi Mabaibulo Marx a. The Marxists woyamba amanena kuti bizinesi mu dziko wayamba kale, ndi kalasi ntchito adzakhala ndi kutsogolera kulimbana dziko ndi boma tsarist, chifukwa sosholisimu ndi chilungamo chikhalidwe.

Mu 1895 Plekhanov ndi anzake analenga zokwanira ndi mabungwe ambiri amene anachita mbali pa kunyanyala ena ogwira ntchito.