Magalasi: mitundu ya magalasi (sayansi). Mitundu ya kutolera, kuwala zimasweka mandala. Kodi kudziwa mtundu wa mandala?

magalasi amakhala ndi ozungulira kapena pafupifupi ozungulira pamwamba. Iwo akhoza kukhala otukukira kunja, concave kapena mosabisa (utali wozungulira osawerengeka). Ali pamalo awiri mwa amene kuwala akudutsa. Iwo akhoza pamodzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti apange mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi (chithunzi linaperekedwa pambuyo m'nkhani ino):

• Ngati pamalo onse otukukira kunja (kunja yokhota kumapeto) gawo chapakati ndi chachikulu kuposa m'mbali.
• Mawonedwe ndi muzochitika otukukira kunja ndi concave amatchedwa meniscus.
• Mawonedwe ndi lathyathyathya pamwamba amatchedwa plano-concave kapena plano-otukukira kunja, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha dera ena.

Kodi kudziwa mtundu wa mandala? Tiyeni tione izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Kusonkhanitsa magalasi: mitundu ya magalasi

Kaya pamalo lumikiza ngati makulidwe awo mu gawo chapakati ndi wamkulu kuposa m'mbali, iwo amatchulidwa kusonkhanitsa. Ndi zabwino Utali. Zotsatirazi mitundu ya converging magalasi:

• plano-otukukira kunja,
• biconvex,
• ndi concavo-otukukira kunja (meniscus).

Iwo ali kutchedwa "zabwino".

Kufalitsa magalasi: mitundu ya magalasi

Ngati makulidwe awo ndi n'kakang'ono pa malo kuposa pa m'mbali, iwo amatchedwa kubalalika. Ndi zoipa Utali. Pali mitundu ya kumwaza magalasi:

• plano-concave,
• biconcave,
• concave-otukukira kunja (meniscus).

Iwo ali kutchedwa "negative."

mfundo zofunika

Mphamvu mogwirizana ku gwero mfundo za mfundo imodzi. Iwo amatchedwa mtengo. Pamene mtengo olowera mandala, aliyense mtengo ndi refracted ndi kusintha malangizo ake. Pachifukwa ichi, mtengo akhoza kutuluka mandala mu kwambiri kapena zochepa divergent.

Mitundu ina ya magalasi kuwala kusintha malangizo kunyezimira kotero kuti iwo converge pa mfundo imodzi. Ngati gwero kuwala oyenerera osachepera pa mtunda focal, mtengo lokhazikika pa mfundo zomwe, osachepera mtunda wofanana.

Zithunzi weniweni ndi pafupifupi

A gwero mfundo kuwala amatchedwa chinthu chomveka, ndi mfundo mgwirizano wa mtengo kunyezimira akubwera kuchokera mandala, ndi fano chomveka.

Importance ali osiyanasiyana magwero mfundo anagawira pa zambiri lathyathyathya pamwamba. Chitsanzo ndi fano galasi pansi, anayatsa kumbuyo. Chitsanzo china filmstrip ndi kuunikiridwa ku kumbuyo kotero kuti kuunika kwa litadutsa mandala, wachulukitsa chifanizirocho TV mosabisa.

Nthawi imeneyi, kukayankhula zokhudza ndege. Point pa chithunzi ndege 1: 1 zizigwirizana mfundo pa chinthu ndege. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi manambalawo geometrical, ngakhale chithunzi chifukwa akhoza kukalowa za chinthu kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi kapena kumanzere.

Chala-ray pa nthawi ina amalenga chifaniziro chenicheni, kusiyana - kungoganiza. Pamene bwino zafotokozedwa pa TV - ndi zomveka. Ngati m'chithunzithunzi chomwechi Tingaone monga mwa kuyang'ana mwa mandala kwa kuwala gwero, umatchedwa kungoganiza. Poganizira pa galasi - kungoganiza. A chithunzi kuti Tingaone kudzera zakutali ndi - komanso. Koma ziyerekezo wa kamera mandala kuti filimu amapereka chithunzi chenicheni.

utali

magalasi Focus angapezeke ndi kudutsa izo mtengo kunyezimira yomweyi. The mfundo zomwe iwo ankabwera palimodzi, ndipo tikambirana F. Mtunda ku chimake disolo amatchedwa m'litali focal f. mukhoza mwadya cheza kufanana kuchokera ku mbali yina ndi Motero F mbali zonse. Aliyense mandala ali awiri awiri F ndi f. Ngati zimakhalanso woonda poyerekeza m'litali focal, otsiriza pafupifupi wofanana.

Divergence ndi mgwirizano

Yodziwika ndi zabwino focal magalasi kutalika converging. Mitundu ina ya mtundu wa magalasi (plano-otukukira kunja, biconcave, meniscus) kuchepetsa cheza akutuluka iwo, kuposa iwo akhala kusanduka izi. The magalasi kusonkhanitsa akhoza kupangidwa ngati munthu weniweni ndi fano chabe. Woyamba aumbike pokhapokha ngati mtunda kuchokera mandala kuti chinthu ndi wamkulu kuposa mogwirizana ndi.

Yodziwika ndi oipa Utali diverging magalasi. Mitundu ina ya mtundu wa magalasi (plano-concave, biconcave, meniscus) sitimadzipereka cheza kuposa anasudzulana pamaso akupeza pamwamba. Kufalitsa magalasi kulenga chithunzi pafupifupi. Only pamene mgwirizano nkhani cheza kwambiri (iwo converge penapake pakati pa disolo ndi chimake mbali ina) anapanga cheza akhoza converge kupanga chithunzithunzi chenicheni.

kusiyana zofunika

Iwo ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri kusiyanitsa mgwirizano kapena divergence wa matabwa mgwirizano kapena divergence mandala. Mitundu ya magalasi ndi Puchkov Sveta si chomwecho. Cheza kugwirizana ndi chinthu kapena fano mfundo, amatchedwa divergent ngati "tithawe" ndi convergent ngati "kusonkhanitsa pamodzi" pamodzi. Mu aliyense coaxial dongosolo kuwala kuwala olamulira ndi njira kunyezimira lapansi. The mtanda pamodzi olamulira a akudutsa popanda kusintha kwa malangizo chifukwa refraction. Ndi zoona, tanthauzo wabwino wa olamulira kuwala.

Mtengo umene ikuyenda kutali mtunda kuchokera olamulira kuwala amatchedwa divergent. Ndipo amene ukuyandikira ku izo, amatchedwa convergent. Cheza kufanana kwa olamulira kuwala, ndi ziro mgwirizano kapena divergence. Choncho, pamene tikukamba za mgwirizano kapena divergence wa mtengo, izo chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi olamulira kuwala.

Mitundu ina ya magalasi, zakuthambo zomwe ndi chotero kuti mtanda ndi anapanduka mokulirapo kwa olamulira kuwala, ndi zopereka. Iwo converge cheza converge ndi divergent kusunthira kutali zochepa. Iwo amakwanitsa, ngati mphamvu zawo chikukwanira chaichi, kupanga mtolo wa kufanana kapena convergent. Mofananamo diverging mandala akhoza kuyimisa nchito zambiri diverging cheza, ndi converging - kuti kufanana kapena divergent.

magalasi kusonyeza

mandala A ndi awiri otukukira kunja pamalo chachikulu pakati kuposa pa m'mbali, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati magnifier yosavuta kapena loupe. Pankhaniyi, akuona kuyang'ana mwa kungoganiza, fano lake lalikulu. Kamera mandala Komabe, kupanga pa filimu kapena kachipangizo leni zambiri yafupika kukula poyerekeza ndi chinthu.

masewera

Luso la disolo kusintha mgwirizano wa kuwala amatchedwa mphamvu yake. Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa diopters D = 1 / f, kumene F - Utali mu meters.

Mu mandala ndi mphamvu ya 5 diopters f = 20 cm. Izi zikusonyeza diopter optometrist kulemba magalasi mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, iye analemba 5.2 diopters. Mu msonkhano atamaliza workpiece kutenga 5 diopters, chifukwa mu fakitale, ndi pang'ono pogaya pamwamba wina kuwonjezera 0.2 diopters. Mfundo ndi kuti magalasi woonda, mu zinthu ziti ziwiri pafupi wina ndi mnzake, zimawonedwa ulamuliro mphamvu zawo okwana ndi Uwerenge lililonse dioptre: D = D ₁ + D _2.

zakutali Galileo ndi

Mu nthawi Galileo ndi (chiyambi cha m'ma XVII), ananena mu Europe anali m'zinenero. Iwo amakonda kupanga mu Netherlands ndipo anagawira mavenda msewu. Galileo anamva kuti munthu mu Netherlands kuika mitundu iwiri ya magalasi mu chubu, kuti zinthu kutali ngati akuluakulu. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito Chosololera mandala lisunga kumalekezero a chubu, ndi yochepa kuponya kubalalika eyepiece kumapeto. Ngati disolo Utali wofanana f _inu ndi eyepiece f _e, mtunda wa pakati pawo akhale f _Inu -f _e, ndi mphamvu (okhota magnification) f _O / f _e. chiwembu oterowo amatchedwa Galileo chitoliro.

Telescope ali ukuwonjezeka 5 kapena 6 khola, mofanana ndi chi zoyang'anira dzanja ankaweruza. Izi chikukwanira zosangalatsa zambiri kuzipenya zakuthambo. Mutha kuona zimaphala mwezi miyezi inayi ya Jupiter, mphete za Saturn, magawo Venus, nebulae, ndipo masango nyenyezi, komanso nyenyezi watopa mu Milky Way.

Kepler zakutali

Kepler anamva zonse izi (analinganadi Galileo) ndipo anamanga mtundu wina wa makinawa magalasi awiri kusonkhanitsa. Imodzi imene lalikulu Utali, ndi mandala, ndi wina umene ndi zochepa - ndi eyepiece. Mtunda pakati pa iwo ndi wofanana f _Inu + f _e, ndi magnification okhota ndi f _O / f _e. Izi Keplerian (kapena zakuthambo) zakutali amalenga fano mozondoka, koma kwa nyenyezi kapena mwezi zilibe kanthu. uphungu umene wapereka kwambiri ngakhale chiwalitsiro cha munda wa view kuposa makinawa ku Galileya, ndipo unali yabwino ntchito monga timatha maso anu mu malo atathana ndi kuwona dera lonse la view kuchokera m'mphepete m'mphepete. chipangizo walola kuti tikwaniritse kuwonjezeka kuposa Galileo chubu popanda kuwonongeka kwambiri.

Onse telesikopu amadwala aberration ozungulira, chifukwa mu fano bwinobwino asamayendeyende, ndi chromatic aberration, amene amalenga mtundu fringing. Kepler (Newton) ankakhulupirira kuti ziwonongeke izi sangathe kugonjetsa. Iwo sanali kuoneratu kuti mwina pali mitundu ya magalasi achromatic, zakuthambo umene kudziŵika m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

kuwalitsa zakutali

Gregory adafotokoza kuti ngati mandala kalirole zakutali zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, popeza alibe fringing mtundu. Newton munatenga lingaliro ili ndi analenga Newtonian zakutali mawonekedwe a concave siliva galasi ndi eyepiece positive. Iye anapereka chitsanzo kwa Royal Society, kumene mpaka lero.

Single-mandala makinawa akhoza polojekiti fano n'kufika zenera kapena filimu. Zikuchuluka oyenera kumafuna mandala zabwino ndi mtunda lalikulu focal, nkuti, 0.5 m, 1 mita kapena mamita ambiri. Kakonzedwe kotero kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula zakuthambo. Anthu sankadziwa Optics zingaoneke zinthu paradoxical kumene ofooka yaitali cholinga mandala amapereka ukuwonjezeka kwambiri.

muzochitika

Anthu ena amanena kuti anthu akale mwina anali telesikopu, chifukwa iwo anachita galasi mikanda pang'ono. vuto ndi kuti sakudziwika chimene iwo anagwiritsa ntchito ndipo iwo ali, kumene sakanatha kupanga maziko a telesikopu wabwino. Mipira angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwonjezera zinthu zazing'ono, koma khalidwe pa nthawi yomweyo anali nkomwe zogwira mtima.

Kutalika focal wa abwino galasi dera ndi waufupi kwambiri ndipo ndipamene fano lenileni ali pafupi kwambiri dera la. Komanso, aberrations (zojambula kupotoza) kwambiri. Vuto lagona pa mtunda pakati pamalo awiri.

Komabe, ngati inu kupanga kwambiri kunyanja poyambira kuti asalalikire cheza, amene kupunduka image, likukhalira mediocre kwambiri galasi lokulitsira mu chabwino ndi. chisankho Izi zimachitika Coddington, ndi magnifier dzina lake lingathe kukopedwa lero pa yaing'ono magnifiers dzanja ankaweruza kuphunzira zinthu ochepa. Koma umboni kuti zimenezi zinachitika kale m'ma 19, ayi.