Malamulo a Newton. Lamulo lachiŵiri la Newton. Malamulo a Newton - kuwongolera

Kuphunzira za zochitika za chilengedwe pamaziko a kuyesa n'zotheka kokha ngati magawo onse akuwonetsedwa: kuyang'anitsitsa, kulingalira, kuyesera, chiphunzitso. Mfundoyi idzawathandiza kufotokoza ndi kufanizitsa zenizeni, lingaliro limapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuwafotokozera tsatanetsatane wa sayansi zomwe zimafuna kutsimikiziridwa kuyesa. Kuwona kayendetsedwe ka matupi kunadzetsa chiganizo chosangalatsa: kusintha kwa liwiro la thupi kumawoneka kokha mwa mphamvu ya thupi lina.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati muthamanga masitepe mwamsanga, mumangotenga sitima (kusintha njira) kapena musiye (posintha liwiro) kuti mupewe kuwombera ndi khoma losiyana.

Zochitika za zochitika zofananazo zinayambitsa kulengedwa kwa gawo la fizikiya lomwe limafufuza zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa liwiro la matupi kapena deformation.

Zofunikira za Mphamvu

Yankho la funso la sakramenti la chifukwa chake thupi lathu likuyenda mwa njira imodzi, kapena kulipuma, limatchedwa mphamvu.

Tiyeni tikambirane za mpumulo. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la kugwirizana kwa kuyenda, tingathe kunena kuti: sipangakhale matupi osasunthika. Chinthu chirichonse, chosasunthika motsatira liwu limodzi la zolemba, chimayenda mosiyana ndi chimzake. Mwachitsanzo, buku lokhala pa tebulo liri lofanana ndi tebulo, koma ngati wina ayang'ana malo ake okhudza munthu wodutsa, ndiye kuti timapanga chiganizo chachilengedwe: bukulo likuyenda.

Kotero, malamulo a kuyendayenda kwa matupi amalingaliridwa mu mafelemu osayenerera a zolemba. Ndi chiyani?

Inertial ndi chilolezo chomwe thupi limapuma kapena kupanga ma uniforms ndi rectilinear motion , pokhapokha ngati zinthu zina kapena zinthu sizikukhudzidwa ndi izo.

Chitsanzo chofotokozedwa pamwambapa, chithunzi chomwe chikugwirizanitsidwa ndi tebulo chingatchedwe mwachinyengo. Munthu akusuntha mofanana ndipo amatha kulumikiza monga chithunzi cha ISO. Ngati kayendetsedwe kake kakufulumira, ndiye kuti n'zosatheka kugwirizanitsa CO ndi inertial.

Ndipotu, njira yotereyi imayanjanitsidwa ndi matupi omwe amakhazikika pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Komabe, dzikoli palokha silingathenso kugwira ntchito monga ISO, chifukwa ilo limasinthasintha mofanana pambali yake. Mitembo yomwe ili pamwamba ili ndi kuthamanga kwa centripetal.

Kodi inertia ndi chiyani?

Chodabwitsa cha inertia chikugwirizana ndi ISO. Kumbukirani zomwe zimachitika ngati galimoto yosunthira imasiya mwadzidzidzi? Anthu okwera ndege ali pangozi pamene akupitiriza kuyenda kwawo. Amatha kuyimilidwa ndi mpando kutsogolo kapena ndi mabotete a mpando. Fotokozani njirayi ndi intaneti ya woyendetsa. Kodi ndi choncho?

Inertia ndi chinthu chodziwikiratu chomwe chimaonetsetsa kusungidwa kwa thupi nthawi zonse popanda kuthandizidwa ndi matupi ena. Wokwerayo ali ndi mphamvu ya mabotolo kapena mipando. Chodabwitsa cha inertia sichinawonedwe apa.

Kulongosola kuli mu malo a thupi, ndipo, malingana ndi iye, nkutheka kusintha liwiro la chinthu kamodzi. Icho ndichabechabe. Mwachitsanzo, kutayika kwa mercury mu thermometer kumakuthandizani kuti muchepetse gawolo ngati tigwedeza thermometer.

Muyeso wa inertia umatchedwa kulemera kwa thupi. Mukamagwirana ntchito, liwiro limasintha mofulumira kwa matupi omwe ali ochepa. Kugwedezeka kwa galimoto ndi khoma la konkire lakumapetoku kumachitika mwakuya popanda tsatanetsatane. Galimoto nthawi zambiri imachita kusintha kosasinthika: liwiro limasintha, pali kusintha kwakukulu. Zikuoneka kuti kutayika kwa khoma la konkire kumadutsa kwambiri galimoto.

Kodi n'zotheka kukwaniritsa zovuta za chilengedwe? Mkhalidwe umene thupi silinayanjane ndi matupi ena ndi malo akuya omwe ndegeyo ikuyendetsa ndi injini imatseka. Koma ngakhale pakadali pano mphindi yovuta ilipo.

Mfundo zoyambirira

Kuphunzira zamagetsi pazomwe akuyesera kumawonetsa kuyesera ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa thupi. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi:

• Kufulumizitsa ngati muyeso wa kusintha kwa liwiro la matupi; Tchulani ndi kalata a, muyeso mu m / s ² ;
• Misa ngati muyezo wa inertia; Wotchulidwa ndi kalata m, anayeza mu kg;
• Limbikitsani monga muyeso wa kugwirizana kwa matupi; Kawirikawiri amatchulidwa ndi kalata F, yowerengedwa mu H (atsopano).

Chiyanjano cha zowonjezerachi chimayikidwa mu malamulo atatu, otengedwa ndi katswiri wamkulu wa Chingerezi. Malamulo a Newton apangidwa kuti afotokoze zovuta za kugwirizana kwa matupi osiyanasiyana. Komanso njira zomwe zimawatsogolera. Ndilo lingaliro la "kuthamanga", "kukakamiza," "misa" malamulo a Newton omwe akugwirizana ndi maubwenzi a masamu. Tiyeni tiyesetse kupeza tanthauzo lake.

Kuchita kokha mphamvu imodzi ndi chinthu chodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, satelesi yokonzetsa yomwe ikuyendayenda padziko lapansi ili ndi mphamvu yokha.

Ofanana

Kuchita kwa mphamvu zingapo kungatengedwe ndi mphamvu imodzi.

Ndalama yamakono ya mphamvu zomwe zimagwira thupi zimatchedwa zotsatira.

Tikukamba za chiwerengero cha chijerengero, chifukwa mphamvu ndi zowonongeka zomwe sizidalira pazomwe zikugwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso pazitsogozozo.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kusuntha kabati lalikulu, mukhoza kuitana anzanu. Pamodzi, zotsatira zokhumbazi zikukwaniritsidwa. Koma mukhoza kuitanira munthu mmodzi yekha, wamphamvu kwambiri. Khama lake ndilofanana ndi zomwe abwenzi onse amachita. Mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi msilikali ikhoza kutchedwa zotsatira.

Malamulo a Newton akuyendetsedwa amapangidwa motsatira lingaliro la "zotsatira".

Chilamulo cha inertia

Yambani kuphunzira malamulo a Newton kuchokera ku chochitika chofala kwambiri. Lamulo loyamba limatchedwa lamulo la inertia, chifukwa limayambitsa zifukwa zowunifolerana zoyendetsa thupi kapena maonekedwe a matupi ena onse.

Thupi limasuntha mofanana komanso limakhala lopuma, ngati palibe mphamvu yogwira ntchitoyo, kapena izi zimapindula.

Zingathe kutsutsidwa kuti zotsatira zake ndi zero pakadali pano. Mu dziko ili pali, mwachitsanzo, galimoto ikuyenda paulendo wopitirira pa gawo lolunjika la msewu. Kuchita kwa mphamvu ya kukopa kumapindula ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchitoyo, ndipo cholinga cha injini ndi modulo chofanana ndi mphamvu yotsutsa kuyendayenda.

Mtengo wokhala pamwamba umakhalapo, chifukwa mphamvu yokoka imapindula ndi kukakamiza kwake.

Kulipidwa kungakhale mphamvu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi thupi limodzi.

Lamulo lachiŵiri la Newton

Timapitirira. Zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa matupi, zimayesa lamulo lachiŵiri la Newton. Kodi akukamba za chiyani?

Kufanana komwe kumachitika pa thupi kumatanthauzidwa ngati chogwiritsidwa ntchito mthupi la thupi mwa kuthamangira komwe kumapezedwa pansi pa zochita za mphamvu.

Lamulo la Newton (fomu: F = ma), mwatsoka, sakhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mfundo zazikulu za chibadwa ndi mphamvu. Iye sangathe kufotokozera chomwe chiri chifukwa cha kuthamangira kwa matupi.

Timapanga mosiyana: kufulumizitsa kwa thupi kumalumikizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka komanso mosiyana ndi kukula kwa thupi.

Choncho, zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kuti kusintha kwa liwiro kumachitika kokha poyerekeza ndi mphamvu yogwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi minofu ya thupi.

Lamulo la Newton, lomwe lingathe kukhala izi: a = F / m, amawoneka kuti ndi ofunika mu mawonekedwe a vector, chifukwa amatha kuyanjanitsa pakati pa zigawo za fizikiki. Pano, ndikuthamanga kwa thupi, F ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu, ndipo mamita ndi thupi.

Kuyenda mofulumira kwa galimoto n'kotheka ngati mphamvu zamagetsi zimagonjetsa kuyenda. Powonjezereka, kupititsa patsogolo kumawonjezereka. Malori amaperekedwa ndi injini zamagetsi, chifukwa misala yawo imakhala yaikulu kwambiri kuposa galimotoyo.

Magalimoto opangidwa ndi maulendo othamanga kwambiri amathandizidwa m'njira yotetezera ndi zochepa zofunikira, ndipo injini ikuwonjezeka mpaka malire otheka. Chimodzi mwazofunika kwambiri pa masewera a masewera ndi nthawi yofulumira kwa makilomita 100 / h. Nthawi yaying'ono yamphindi ino, imakhala yabwino kwambiri pa galimotoyo.

Chilamulo cha kugwirizana

Malamulo a Newton, opangidwa ndi mphamvu za chirengedwe, amanena kuti kulimbikitsana kulikonse kumaphatikizidwa ndi maonekedwe a magulu awiri. Ngati mpira umapachikidwa pa ulusi, ndiye kuti umayesa zotsatira zake. Ulusiwu umatambasulidwanso pansi pochita mpira.

Kumaliza malamulo a Newton kulongosola lamulo lachitatu. Mwachidule, zikuwoneka ngati izi: zomwezo ndizofanana ndi contraaction. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Mphamvu zomwe matupi amachitirana wina ndi mzake ali ofanana mofanana, moyang'anizana ndi kutsogolo ndikutsogolera mzere wolumikiza malo a matupi. N'zosangalatsa kuti sangathe kulipiritsa, chifukwa amachita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo

Ntchito yotchuka ya "Hatchi ndi galeta" ikhoza kutsogolera imfa. Hatchi, yokonzedwa ku ngolo, imachokera ku malo ake. Malingana ndi lamulo lachitatu la Newton, zinthu ziwirizi zimagwirana ntchito mofanana, komabe kavalo amatha kusuntha ngolo, yomwe siyigwirizana ndi nthawi zonse.

Yankho likhoza kupezeka ngati tilingalira kuti matupi athu sali otseka. Msewu umakhudza matupi awiriwo. Mphamvu yotsitsimula ya kupumula, yokhala ndi ziboda za akavalo, imaposa kukangana kwa magaleta amtengo wapatali. Pambuyo pake, nthawi yoyenda ikuyamba ndi kuyesa kuyendetsa ngoloyo. Ngati zinthu zikusintha, kavalo sangawasunthe pansi pazifukwa zilizonse. Nsomba zake zidzakwera pamsewu, ndipo sipadzakhala kuyenda.

Ndili mwana, ndikugwirana pakhoma, aliyense akhoza kuthana ndi chitsanzo choterocho. Ngati ana awiri kapena atatu atakhala pamsasa, ndiye kuti khama limodzi silikwanira kuwatsogolera.

Kugwa kwa matupi padziko lapansi, kufotokozedwa ndi Aristotle ("Thupi lirilonse limadziwa malo ake") likhoza kutsutsidwa chifukwa cha zomwe tatchulazo. Cholingacho chikupita pansi pansi pa ntchito yomweyi monga Dziko lapansi. Poyerekeza magawo awo (Earth ndi mitu yaikulu kuposa thupi lonse), molingana ndi lamulo lachiwiri la Newton, timanena kuti kuthamanga kwa chinthu ndikuthamanga kwa Dziko lapansi. Timayang'ana ndendende kusintha kwa thupi, Dziko lapansi silisunthike kuchoka pamtunda.

Malire othandizira

Malamulo amasiku ano Malamulo a Newton samakana, koma amangoika malire awo. Kufikira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, akatswiri a sayansi sanakayikire kuti malamulo awa akufotokozera zochitika zonse za chirengedwe.

1, 2, 3 lamulo la Newton limawulula momveka bwino zomwe zimayambitsa khalidwe la matupi akuluakulu. Kusunthika kwa zinthu zopanda malire ndikutanthauzira kwathunthu ndi zotsatirazi.

Kuyesera kufotokozera pa maziko awo mawonekedwe a matupi ndi mafunde pafupi ndi liwiro la kuwala akulephera. Kusintha kwathunthu kwa malo ndi nthawi paziwirozi sikulola kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za Newton. Kuphatikizanso apo, malamulo amasintha maonekedwe awo mu JI yopanda mphamvu. Pogwiritsa ntchito, lingaliro la mphamvu ya inertia imayambitsidwa.

Fotokozani kayendetsedwe ka matupi a zakuthambo, malamulo a malo awo ndi kugwirizana angakhale malamulo a Newton. Chilamulo cha chilengedwe chonse chimafotokozedwa pa cholinga chimenechi. N'kosatheka kuona zotsatira za kukopa kwazing'ono, chifukwa mphamvu ndi yochepa.

Chimodzimodzinso

Nthano imadziwika malinga ndi zomwe Mr. Newton, yemwe anali kukhala m'mundamo ndikuyang'ana kugwa kwa maapulo, anapita ku lingaliro lodziwika bwino: kufotokozera kayendetsedwe ka zinthu pafupi ndi dziko lapansi ndi kuyendera kwa matupi a cosmic chifukwa cha chikoka. Izi siziri kutali ndi choonadi. Kuwona ndi kuwerengetsa molondola sikuti kunangokhala maapulo, komanso kuyenda kwa mwezi. Zomwe zimachitika pa gululi zimatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya kukopa imakula ndi matupi ambiri ndipo imachepa ndi mtunda wochuluka pakati pawo.

Kudalira malamulo achiwiri ndi achitatu a Newton, lamulo la chilengedwe chonse limapangidwa motere: matupi onse mu chilengedwe amakopeka wina ndi mzake ndi mphamvu yomwe imatsogoleredwa motsatira mzere wa matupi ofanana ndi matupi a mthupi ndipo mosiyana kwambiri ndi malo omwe ali pakati pa malo a matupi.

Kulemba masamu: F = GMm / r ² , kumene F ndi mphamvu yokongola, M, mamita ndi magulu oyanjana, ndi mtunda pakati pawo. Kulemera kwa chiwerengero (G = 6.62 x 10 ^-11 Nm ² / makilogalamu ² ) ankatchedwa nthawi zonse.

Kutanthauza thupi: izi nthawi zonse zimakhala zofanana pakati pa matupi awiri a makilogalamu 1 pamtunda wa mamita 1. Ndizoonekeratu kuti matupi a anthu ang'onoang'ono mphamvuyo ndi yopanda phindu kotero kuti ikhoza kunyalanyazidwa. Kwa mapulaneti, nyenyezi, milalang'amba, mphamvu ya kukopa ndi yaikulu kwambiri moti imapangitsa kuti ayende.

Ndi lamulo la kukopeka kwa Newton kunena kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa misala kumafuna mafuta omwe angapange chikoka chothandizira kuti athetse chikoka cha Dziko lapansi. Liwiro lofunika kwambiri ili ndilo malo oyambirira othamanga, ofanana ndi 8 km / s.

Mapulogalamu amakono a makina opanga makina amalola kukhazikitsa malo osayendetsedwa monga ma satellites opangira dzuwa mpaka mapulaneti ena kuti afufuze. Liwiro lopangidwa ndi chipangizo chotero ndilo lachiwiri lachinyama, lofanana ndi 11 km / s.

Chidziwitso chotsatira malamulo

Kuthetsa mavuto a mphamvu kumamvera zochitika zina:

• Pangani ndondomeko ya vutoli, pezani deta, mtundu wa kayendedwe.
• Chitani chiwonetsero chosonyeza mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwira thupi, ndi chitsogozo cha kuthamanga (ngati kulipo). Sankhani dongosolo logwirizana.
• Lembani malamulo oyambirira kapena achiwiri, malingana ndi kupezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa thupi, mu mawonekedwe a vector. Talingalirani zamphamvu zonse (zowonongeka, malamulo a Newton: woyamba, ngati liwiro la thupi silikusintha, lachiwiri, ngati likufulumizitsa).
• Lingaliro lidalembedwanso mmagulu omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Ngati zotsatira za equation sizikwanira, lembani zina: tanthawuzo la mphamvu, chiwerengero chamagwirizano, etc.
• Konzani dongosolo la equations polemekeza kuchuluka kosadziwika.
• Chitani chiyeso kuti muzindikire momwe chimayambira.
• Yerengani.

Kawirikawiri izi ndizokwanira kuthetsa vuto lililonse.