Osachepera ndipamwamba digiri ya diyidation ya bromine. Mitundu ya bromine

Mwa mitundu yonse ya mankhwala, osakhala zitsulo, pali mndandanda wapadera - mafilimu. Atomu awa amatchulidwa dzina lawo kuti apange zinthu zamtengo wapatali zomwe amawonetsera pochita nawo mankhwala. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Iodine;
• Chlorine;
• Bromine;
• Fluorine.

Chlorini ndi fluorine ndi mpweya woopsa umene uli ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya oxidizing. Iodini pansi pa zinthu zachibadwa ndi chinthu chofiira cha mdima wofiirira ndi wotchedwa metallic luster. Zimasonyeza katundu wa wothandizira wothandizira. Ndipo kodi halogen yachinai imawoneka bwanji? Kodi ndi zinthu ziti za bromine, mankhwala ake ndi zizindikiro monga chinthu, komanso ngati chinthu chophweka? Tiyeni tiyesere kumvetsa.

Bromine: khalidwe lachidziwitso cha chinthucho

Monga kachigawo kakang'ono ka dongosolo la periodic, bromine imalowa mu selo pansi pa dongosolo la nambala 35. Motero, maziko ake ali ndi mapulotoni 35, ndipo chipolopolo cha electron chiri ndi nambala yomweyo ya magetsi. Kusintha kwa gawo lakunja: 4s ² p ⁵ .

Komwe kuli gulu la VII, gulu lalikulu, ndilo gawo la halogen - gulu lapadera la mankhwala. Pafupifupi, mitundu 28 ya isotopi yosiyanasiyana ya atomu iyi imadziwika. Nambala ya misa imasiyanasiyana kuyambira 67 mpaka 94. Awiri amadziwika kuti ali okhazikika ndi osasunthika, komanso amodzi mwa magawo amodzi mwa chilengedwe:

• Bromine ⁷⁹ - 51% yake;
• Bromine ⁸¹ - yake 49%.
  

Pafupipafupi masentimita ambiri a atomiki ndi ma unit 79,904. Mlingo wa okosijeni wa bromine umasiyanasiyana kuyambira -1 mpaka +7. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, koma ndi otsika kwa klorini ndi fluorin mwa iwo, kuposa ayodini.

Mbiri yakupeza

Chigawo ichi chinatsegulidwa patapita nthawi kuposa anzake ogwirizana. Panthawi imeneyo anali atadziwika kale za klorini ndi ayodini. Ndani adapanga izi? N'zotheka kutchula mayina atatu nthawi imodzi, popeza asayansi ambiri panthawi imodzi amapanga chinthu chatsopano, chomwe chinadzakhala atomu. Mayina awa ndi awa:

• Antoine Jerome Balar.
• Carl Leewig.
• Justus Liebig.

Komabe, "abambo" a boma amawerengedwa kuti ndi Balar, popeza anali woyamba kulandira ndi kufotokozera, komanso anatumiza chinthu chatsopano ku msonkhano wa sayansi wa akatswiri a zamagetsi, omwe ndi chinthu chosadziwika.

Antoine Balar adaphunzira za mchere wa m'nyanja. Pogwiritsa ntchito mayesero ambiri a mankhwalawa, iye analola chlorine kudutsa njirayo tsiku lina ndikuwona kuti makina ena achikasu anali kupangidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito chlorine ndi ayodini mu njirayi, adayamba kupitiliza kufufuza zomwe adazipeza. Malingana ndi mankhwala otsatirawa:

• Chochita;
• Kuviikidwa mu potaziyamu hydroxide ;
• Kutengedwa ndi pyrolusite;
• Zimalimbikitsidwa mu sing'anga la sulfuric.

Chotsatira chake, adalandira madzi ofiira ofiirira omwe ali obiriwira. Izi zinali bromine. Kenaka anafufuza mosamala za zizindikiro za thupi ndi mankhwala. Atatumiza lipoti pa izo, anafotokoza zinthu za bromine. Dzina limene Balamu anapereka kwa element anali lamoto, koma silinayambe mizu.

Dzina la masiku ano lovomerezeka kwambiri pa atomu iyi ndi bromine, limene mu Latin limatanthawuza "kununkhira," "kumanyoza." Izi zatsimikiziridwa kwathunthu ndi katundu wa mankhwala osavuta. Chaka cha kupezeka kwa mfundoyi ndi 1825.

Zida zotere za okosijeni wa bromine

Pali zambiri zoterezi. Ndipotu, chifukwa cha makonzedwe ake apakompyuta, bromine ikhoza kuwonetsa zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zowonongeka katundu, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Pali njira zisanu zomwe mungathe kuchita:

• -1 - mchere wotsika kwambiri wa bromine;
• +1;
• +2;
• +3;
• +5;
• +7.

Mu chilengedwe, mankhwalawa ndi omwe amapezeka, omwe chigawocho chili ndi maganizo oipa. +7 - digiri yapamwamba ya okosijeni ya bromine. Zikuwoneka mu maonekedwe a bromic acid HBrO ₄ ndi salt yake ya bromates (NaBrO ₄ ). Kawirikawiri, digiri iyi ya bromine ndi yosavuta kwambiri, komanso +2. Koma kugwirizana ndi -1; +3 ndi +5 ndizofala kwambiri ndipo sizothandiza osati mankhwala okhaokha, komanso mankhwala, ujini ndi nthambi zina zachuma.

Bromine ngati chinthu chophweka

Pansi pazizolowezi zofanana, chinthu chomwe chili mu funso ndi diatomic molecule, koma si mpweya, koma madzi. Wopweteka kwambiri, akuwombera mlengalenga ndikufalitsa fungo losasangalatsa kwambiri. Ngakhale maanja omwe ali otsika kwambiri amatha kuyaka pamoto ndi kukwiya kwa mucous membrane ya thupi. Ngati mutapyola chilolezo chovomerezeka, ndiye kuti choking ndi imfa zingatheke.

Madzi a madziwa ndi Br ₂ . N'zoonekeratu kuti chizindikirocho chimapangidwa kuchokera ku dzina lachi Greek la element element - bromos. Mgwirizano pakati pa atomu ndi wosakwatiwa, wosasunthika. Mpweya wa atomu umakhala waukulu, kotero bromine imayamba mosavuta. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mankhwala syntheses.

Mu mawonekedwe a chinthu chophweka mu chilengedwe sichipezeka, chifukwa chimangotuluka mosavuta ngati utsi wofiira wofiira, womwe umakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa. Zokha mwa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a multicomponent. Mpweya wa bromine mu makina a mitundu yosiyanasiyana umadalira pa chinthu chomwe chimayambira, kapena kuti ndi mankhwala ati.

Thupi

Makhalidwe amenewa akhoza kufotokozedwa muzinthu zingapo.

1. Kutupa m'madzi ndizomwe zilipo, koma ndibwino kuposa ma halo ena. Njira yodzaza ndi yotchedwa madzi a bromine, ili ndi mtundu wofiira kwambiri.
2. Malo otentha a madzi ndi +59.2 ^° C.
3. Malo osungunuka ndi -7.25 ^° C.
4. Kununkhira - kovuta, kosasangalatsa, kukugwedeza.
5. Mtundu - bulauni-bulauni.
6. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zosavuta ndizolemera (ndipamwamba kwambiri), madzi akuda.
7. Chisankho cha Mphamvu za Malamulo pampando wachiwerengero ndi 2.8.

Zizindikirozi zimakhudza njira zopezera chigawo ichi, komanso zimakakamiza kuti muzisamala kwambiri mukamagwira nawo ntchitoyi.

Mitundu ya bromine

Kuchokera pakuwona zamagetsi, bromine imachita m'njira ziwiri. Zimasonyeza zonse oxidizing ndi kuchepetsa katundu. Mofanana ndi zinthu zina zonse, zimatha kutenga magetsi kuchokera ku zitsulo komanso zosasankhidwa zosagwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Ndi wothandizira wothandizira okhala ndi oxidizing amphamvu, monga:

• Oxygen;
• Fluorine;
• Chlorine;
• Zotsatira zina.

Mwachidziwikire, mkhalidwe wa okosijeni wa bromine ukusiyana kuchokera -1 mpaka +7. Ndi chiani chomwe chiganizo chomwe mukuchiganizira chingathe kuchitapo kanthu?

1. Ndi madzi - zotsatira zake, chisakanizo cha ma asidi (hydrobromic ndi bromate) chimapangidwa.
2. Ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya iodide, popeza bromine imatha kuchotsa ayodini kuchokera ku salt yake.
3. Ndi zonse zopanda zitsulo, kupatula oksijeni, carbon, nitrogen ndi mpweya wabwino.
4. Pafupi ndi zitsulo zonse monga amphamvu oxidizer. Ndi zinthu zambiri ngakhale ndi kutupa.
5. Mu machitidwe a OBR, bromine nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsa mchere wa mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, sulfure ndi sulfite amasandulika ions sulphate, iodides mu ayodini, monga mankhwala osavuta.
6. Ndi alkalis ndi mapangidwe a bromide, mabromates kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi mankhwala a bromine, pamene ndi mbali ya zidulo ndi salt zomwe amapanga. Mu mawonekedwe awa, zida zake ndizamphamvu kwambiri, monga wothandizira. Zowonjezedwa bwino kwambiri kuposa zosavuta.

Kulandira

Mfundo yakuti chinthu chomwe tikuchiganizira ndi chofunika komanso chofunika kwambiri kuchokera ku malo ofunikira, zimatsimikizira kuti kupanga chaka ndi chaka cha 550,000. Maiko akutsogolera pa zizindikiro izi:

• USA.
• China.
• Israeli.

Njira zamakina zowonjezera bromine yaulere zimachokera pa chithandizo cha mchere njira zamchere, zitsime, nyanja. Mwa izi, mchere wa chinthu chofunidwa umamasulidwa, womwe umasandulika kukhala mawonekedwe acidified. Amadutsa mumtsinje wamphamvu kapena mpweya wamadzi. Motero, bromine yapamtunda imapangidwa. Ndiye amachiritsidwa ndi calcined soda komanso osakaniza a sodium salt - mabromides ndi mabromates amapezeka. Njira zawo zothetsera vutoli zimakhala zowonongeka ndipo zimakhala ndi ufulu wa madzi.

Njira zamagetsi zowonongeka zimachokera ku kuchoka kwa bromine kuchokera ku salt ndi chlorine, monga halogen yamphamvu.

Kukhala m'chilengedwe

Muwonekedwe loyera, chinthu chomwe tikuchiganizira sichingapezeke mwachilengedwe, chifukwa ndi madzi ozizira omwe amawomba mlengalenga. Kwenikweni, ndi gawo la mankhwala omwe mavitamini osachepera a bromine-1 amawonetseredwa. Awa ndi amchere a hydrobromic acid - mabromid. Zambiri izi zimaphatikizapo masoka a chlorine - sylvic, carnallites ndi ena.

Zamchere za bromine zinapezeka patapita nthawi kuposa iye. Ambiri mwa awa ndi atatu:

• Embolit - chisakanizo cha klorini ndi bromine ndi siliva;
• Bromarginite;
• Bromsilvinite - osakaniza potaziyamu, magnesium ndi bromine ndi madzi (crystalline hydrate).

Izi zimaphatikizidwanso m'zinthu zamoyo. Kulephera kwake kumayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana a mitsempha ya matenda, matenda, vuto la kugona komanso kukhumudwa. Muzochitika zochepa kwambiri, zimayambitsa kusabereka. Nsomba, moyo wam'madzi amatha kudziunjikira bromine mowirikiza mu mawonekedwe a salt.

Pamtunda wa dziko lapansi, zokhuta zake zimafikira 0.0021%. Madzi ochuluka a m'nyanja ndi hydrosphere yonse ya Dziko lapansi.

Bromine imaphatikizidwa ndi dziko la pansi

Kodi mlingo wa okosijeni wa bromine uli ndi mankhwala ndi zitsulo ndi hydrogen? Chotsikitsitsa chomwe chiri chotheka kwa chinthu chopatsidwa ndi chimodzimodzi. Ndi mankhwalawa omwe amaimira chidwi chenicheni kwa munthu.

1. HBr ndi hydrogen bromide (gasi), kapena hydrobromic asidi. M'madera amtunduwu mulibe mtundu, koma umapweteka kwambiri, wosasangalatsa kwambiri, umasuta kwambiri. Ali ndi zotsatira zowonongeka pamatenda a thupi. Zimasungunuka bwino m'madzi, kupanga acid. Icho chimaimira ma electrolyte amphamvu, ndi wothandizira wabwino. Amangowonjezera mosavuta bromine yaulere pansi pa zochita za sulfuric, nitric acid ndi oxygen. Kufunika kwa mafakitale kumakhala ndi gwero la bromidi ion popanga ma salt ndi zitsulo zamitengo.
2. Mabromasi ndi mchere wa asidi omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, omwe mkhalidwe wa okosijeni wa bromine ndi wofanana ndi -1. Za chidwi ndi: LiBr ndi KBr.
3. Mapangidwe a chilengedwe cha organic okhala ndi bromidi ion.

Mapangidwe ndi digiri yapamwamba ya mchere

Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zingapo zofunika. Mlingo wa okosijeni wa bromine wapamwamba kwambiri ndi wofanana ndi +7, choncho mu mankhwalawa ndi chabe ndipo ayenera kuwonetsa.

1. Bromic acid ndi HBrO ₄ . Chinthu champhamvu kwambiri pa zonse zomwe zimadziwika kuti acids, koma panthawi imodzimodzi yomwe imatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi zida zowononga amphamvu. Izi zimachokera ku mapangidwe apadera a makompyuta a molekyulu, omwe mumlengalenga ali ndi mawonekedwe a tetrahedron.
2. Mavitamini ndi amchere pamwamba pa asidi osankhidwa. Kwa iwo, kutentha kwakukulu kwa bromine ndi khalidwe. Ndizo zowonjezera zowonjezera, chifukwa chake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani. Zitsanzo: NaBrO ₄ , KBrO ₄ .

Kugwiritsa ntchito bromine ndi mankhwala ake

Mutha kuzindikira malo angapo omwe mabromine ndi mankhwala ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji.

1. Kupanga utoto.
2. Kuti apange zojambulajambula.
3. Monga mankhwala mu mankhwala (bromine salt).
4. M'magalimoto ogulitsa magalimoto, omwe ndi owonjezera ku mafuta.
5. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kuperewera kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa kutupa kwa zipangizo zina.
6. Mu kupanga zojambula zamadzimadzi.
7. Mu ulimi, pakupanga sprayers owonetsa tizilombo.
8. Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuphatikizapo madzi.

Zochitika zamoyo pa thupi

Zonsezi komanso kusowa kwa bromini m'thupi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zovuta kwambiri.

Pavlov anali woyamba kudziwa zotsatira za chinthu ichi pa zinthu zamoyo. Zofufuza pa zinyama zatsimikizira kuti kusowa kwazitsulo kwa maboni a bromine kumatsogolera ku:

• Kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje;
• Matenda a ntchito yogonana;
• Kusokonekera ndi kusabereka;
• Pewani kukula;
• Kuchepetsa hemoglobin;
• Kusagona ndi zina zotero.

Kuwonjezeka kwambiri mu ziwalo ndi minofu kumayambitsa kuthetsa ntchito ya ubongo ndi msana, matenda osiyanasiyana a khungu la kunja.