Amoniya ndi chiyani? katundu chilinganizo ndi amoniya

Amoniya - pawiri ndi gwero lofunika pa asafe kwa zamoyo, ndipo ndapeza ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. Kodi amoniya, kodi katundu wake? Dziwani izi.

ndi amoniya zimene: zofunika makhalidwe

Amoniya (nitride ngalande) - pawiri wa asafe ndi wa hydrogen, ndi chilinganizo mankhwala NH _3. Mawonekedwe a molekyulu kakufanana piramidi trigonal, ndi vertex amene ndi asafe atomu.

Amoniya ndi mpweya opanda mtundu, koma ndi yeniyeni fungo lakuthwa. amoniya kachulukidwe ndi pafupifupi nthawi zosakwana kachulukidwe wa mlengalenga. Pa kutentha 15 ^Inu C ndi 0,73 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Kachulukidwe la ammonia madzi m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino ndi 686 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Kulemera maselo a thunthu - 17.2 g / Mole. Chinthu chapadera la ammonia ndi solubility ake mkulu mu madzi. Choncho, pa kutentha 0 ° C akafika mtengo wa m'ma 1200 mabuku mu buku la madzi pa 20 ° C - 700 mabuku. A njira ya "amoniya - madzi" (amoniya madzi) ali zimachitika pang'ono zamchere mwachilungamo wapadera chuma poyerekeza alkalis ena: ndi kuwonjezeka ndende ya kachulukidwe yafupika.

Kodi kubala amoniya?

amoniya mu thupi la munthu ndi chiyani? Ndi mapeto mankhwala a kagayidwe asafe. Mbali yaikulu ya chiwindi kutembenuza urea (carbamide) - zochepa poizoni mankhwala.

Amoniya mu chilengedwe popangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala organic munali asafe. Ntchito makampani ndi chinthu analandira synthetically.

Kukonzekera la ammonia zinthu mafakitale ndi zasayansi

M'mafakitale amoniya umatulutsa othandizira kaphatikizidwe kwa asafe ndi wa hydrogen:

N ₂ + 3H ₂ → 2NH3 + Q.

The ndondomeko ya kupeza chinthu ikuchitika pa kutentha 500 ° C ndi mavuto 350 ATM. Monga ntchito chothandizira porous zitsulo. The amoniya chifukwa chikutha ndi yozizira. Asafe ndi wa hydrogen lomwe samva adzabwezedwa kwa kaphatikizidwe wa.

M'mikhalidwe choyezera, amoniya linakonzedwa kwenikweni ndi ofooka Kutentha osakaniza ongokhala mankhwala enaake ammonium ndi hydrated laimu:

2NH ₄ CL + Ca (o) ₂ → CaCl ₂ + 2NH ₃ ↑ + 2H ₂ O.

Kukonzekera kukhetsa pawiri ndi anadutsa osakaniza ya laimu ndi sodium wochuluka hydroxide. Zokwanira youma amoniya angathe kukonzekera ndi Kutha zitsulo ndi sodium momwemo ndipo anayamba distillation.

Kodi amoniya ntchito?

nitride wa hydrogen chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana. ndalama yaikulu kuti ntchito yopanga asidi nitric ndi feteleza zosiyanasiyana (urea, ammonium nitrate, etc.), ma polima, asidi hydrocyanic, sodium, salt ammonium, ndi zina kupanga mankhwala.

Makampani katundu kuwala la ammonia ntchito kukonza ndi kudetsa nsalu monga silika, ubweya ndi thonje. Mu kampani yopanga zitsulo, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuonjezera kuuma chitsulo ndi machulukitsidwe ndi zigawo pamwamba ndi asafe. Makampani petrochemical ntchito nitride wa hydrogen zopanda zinyansi acidic.

Chifukwa katundu wawo thermodynamic, madzi amoniya ntchito monga refrigerant zipangizo refrigeration.

A njira ya nitride wa hydrogen (amoniya) ntchito mankhwala kuti achire wa syncope, kusanza kukondoweza, mankhwala manja madokotala, kulumidwa ndi tizilombo, ndi zina zotero.

Ena katundu mankhwala amoniya

Nitride wa hydrogen yodziwika ndi ndi mkulu ntchito mankhwala ndipo akhoza kutani ndi zinthu zambiri.

Pamene amoniya amachitira ndi zidulo kupereka lolingana mchere ammonium. Choncho Mwachitsanzo, mmene anachitira ndi asidi nitric aumbike nitrate ammonium :

NH ₃ + HNO ₃ → NH ₄ NO _3.

Pamene zimavuta ndi mankhwala enaake HCl anapanga ammonium:

NH ₃ + HCl → NH ₄ CL.

Ammonium salt olimba crystalline zinthu, decomposing mu madzi ndi kukhala ndi katundu chofuna kuchita salt chitsulo. Solutions mankhwala anapanga ndi zimene ammonia ndi zidulo amphamvu ndi anachita pang'ono acid.

Chifukwa asafe atomu ndi yogwira nitride wa hydrogen reductant. Kuchepetsa katundu wa kuwonetseredwa ake pamene usavutike. Pamene watentha chikhalidwe mpweya, ndipamene asafe ndi madzi. Pamaso pa catalysts yatikhudza ndi mpweya lili ndi okusayidi asafe. Nitride wa hydrogen amatha kuchira zitsulo ku oxides.

Halides ndi kulabadira ammonia kupanga asafe halides - mabomba oopsa. Ndi kulabadira ndi zidulo carboxylic ndi awo opangidwa kuchokera nitride mtundu wa hydrogen amides. Mu zochita ndi khala (pa 1000 ° C) ndi methane likupereka asidi prussic.

Popeza zitsulo ayoni kupanga maofesi kwa amino, amoniya, ammoniates kapena (zovuta pawiri) ndi mbali khalidwe: ndi asafe atomu nthawi zonse amakondanso maatomu wa hydrogen atatu. Chifukwa cha kusintha zovuta chekeni zinthu. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, buluu njira ya sulphate mkuwa ndi Kuwonjezera nitride wa hydrogen amapeza ndi kwambiri buluu wofiirira mtundu. Ambiri kwa amino maofesi adzalandira bata chokwanira. Chifukwa cha ichi iwo angathe kukonzekera mu mawonekedwe olimba.

The amoniya madzi ndi bwino sungunuka onse amaayoni ndipo sanali kumalo ozizira organic ndi zochita kupanga mankhwala.

makhalidwe ukhondo

Amoniya wa chachinayi kalasi ya ngozi. Zolemba malire kololeka pazipita kamodzi ndende (Mac) m'midzi mpweya ndi 0.2 mg / mamita ^3, ambiri - 0,04. Mu zone ntchito zili mpweya wa ammonia sayenera kuposa 20 mg / m³. Pa woipa ngati fungo mankhwala si anamva. Amodzi olfaction anthu imayambira pa 37 mg / m³. Ndiko kuti, ngati amoniya fungo anamva, kutanthauza kuti chovomerezeka malire airborne kupeza kwambiri kuposa.

Zotsatira pa thupi la munthu

amoniya mawu kukhudzana anthu ndi chiyani? Iwo toxicant. Zimatanthauza chinthu waluso akuchita lokhuthala lolepheretsa anthu kupuma ndi neurotropic kanthu, inhalation poyizoni tingayambe edema m'mapapo mwanga ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa wamanjenje dongosolo.

Amoniya nthunzi mtima zotsatira pa khungu, nembanemba mucous cha maso ndi ziwalo kupuma. The ndende ya mankhwala imene amasonyezera pakhosi kuyabwa, ndi 280 mg wa pa CC. mita diso - 490 mg wa pa kiyubiki mamita. mita. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni mu nitride mpweya angayambe zilonda zapakhosi, adakangalika kupuma, kutsokomola, kupweteka kwa maso, lacrimation kwambiri, mankhwala lamoto wa diso, masomphenya imfa. Pamene zili la ammonia 1.5 ga pa Cu. mita paola poizoni m'mapapo mwanga edema akufotokozera. Pa kukhudzana la ammonia madzi ndi njira zake (mu woipa mkulu) kuchokera zotheka khungu redness, kuyabwa, moto ndi dermatitis. Popeza liquefied nitride ngalande zimatenga kutentha pa evaporation zitheka frostbite amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana.

Zizindikiro amoniya poyizoni

The poyizoni deta toxicant zikhoza kuchepa kumva pakhomo, nseru, chizungulire, mutu, ndi zina zotero. Pali kusintha khalidwe, makamaka amphamvu mukubwadamuka, kuona zilubwelubwe. Mawonetseredwe zizindikiro zina ndi likukulira. Iwo akhoza kusiya kwa kanthawi ndipo kenako anayambiranso mwakhama.

Mogwirizana ndi zotheka mavuto onse kukhudzana ndi amoniya, nkofunika kusamalitsa pamene akugwira ntchito mankhwala ndi kuti asapitirire ndende mu mlengalenga.