Nthaka dongosolo - ndi ... mapulani The amasiyana mapu?

Geography chinenero chachiwiri - cartographic fano. Maps ankagwiritsa ntchito ngakhale oyendetsa sitimayo wakale. Pamene akukonzekera maulendowa ofufuza anasonkhana zilipo zipangizo zonse cartographic m'dera ankafuna. Pomaliza zotsatira anatitumiza pepala. Choncho analengedwa dongosolo m'deralo. Izi maziko a kulenga mapu atsopano. Kodi dongosolo m'dera ndi zimene kusiyana zake zikuluzikulu kuchokera mapu Hrs?

ndi dongosolo Kodi m'dera?

Khadi oyamba ku mbiri ya anthu ndi dongosolo. Tsopano ntchito mu pafupifupi onse minda ya sayansi popanda iwo sangakhoze kuchita ntchito yomanga, ulimi, kukonza Kafukufuku, etc ...

dongosolo pansi - ndi zikuluzikulu chifanizo cha m'dera padzikoli, amene ntchito polenga zizindikiro. Monga ulamuliro, deta analemba zithunzi cartographic kwa madera aang'onoang'ono ndi malo a makilomita angapo lalikulu. Mu nkhani iyi, kupindika padziko lapansi sikumangotikhudza fano.

Ndondomeko isiyana ndi mapu?

Nthawi zambiri mu moyo tidzakomane lilili ndi Pulani ya maofesiwo. Geography sayansi zachokera chithunzi mapu. Koma izi si chinthu chomwecho.

Polenga mapu chirengedwe ntchito pamlingo wochepa (ie, chimakwirira lalikulu) ali n'komwe chikhalidwe cha padziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo ntchito lamulo la masamu kulingalira - ziyerekezo. Zofunika kwambiri mapu mchitidwe - digiri mauna: m'pofunika kudziwa mfundo kampasi lapansi. Kufanana ndi meridians nthawi zambiri ankayimiridwa ngati arcs m'malo molunjika. Asayansi phunziro zinthu kwambiri chokha chachikulu. Kukonzekera awo amagwiritsa zosiyanasiyana zipangizo, kuphatikizapo maps of pamlingo wokulira, zithunzi Kanema.

dongosolo nthaka - fano tsatanetsatane wa mbali yaing'ono ya Earth. Iwo anamanga popanda kuganizira ziyerekezo, kuyambira pamaziko a kukula kwa gawo pamwamba akuti ndi lathyathyathya. Mbali ya dziko ofunitsitsa ndi mbali ya chimango dongosolo. Muzisonyeza kuti mtheradi mbali zonse za alili. Kulemba iwo pamaziko a zipangizo za zikuluzikulu mlengalenga kapena nthaka.

Kodi dongosolo?

Kuyamba, sankhani mfundo malo, ndilo kuoneka bwino lonse nkhani m'dera sanjira. Pambuyo pake, muyenera kusankha lonse dongosolo m'tsogolo. Chotsatira - kudziwa malangizo kumpoto. Izi zikhoza kuchitika mothandizidwa ndi bolodi ndi planchette-dzanja kampasi. Pa pepala, muyenera kudziwa mfundo zomwe udzachitike kuwombera malo, ndipo malizitsani kujambula ndi zikhomo akuluakulu onse (ngodya nyumba, mitengo yaikulu, mitengo).

Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito yapadera zida mkulu-mwandondomeko ndi azimuths mpandawo kuti mfundo iliyonse, amene ayenera zimaonekera dongosolo. Aliyense azimuths nthawi ndi anakaika pa endpoint chachikulu, ndi mzere wothandiza limachokera ku izo, mwa mawu a ngodya ya amatchuka. Mtunda kuchokera waukulu mfundo ankafunila dera komanso chimaonekera ndipo umasamutsidwa ku pepala.

Ndiye, mwa zizindikiro ochiritsira zinthu anasonyeza chiwembu, anapanga anasaina kutero.

dongosolo lonse malo

Dera lonse la dongosolo tchati chithunzi amakhalabe zikutsatiridwa lonse ake. The lonse ndi a mitundu itatu:

• Lapadera.
• Dzina lake.
• Liniya.

Iwo chimaonetsera nusu n'zosangalatsa kumva amene numerator 1 ndi chimene chachititsa - M. Chimenechi ndi chiwerengero M limasonyeza mlingo wa zooming mwa mawu kukula. mapulani mtunda ndi lonse la 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 5000. Pakuti dziko kasamalidwe ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito mapulani lonse ang'onoang'ono - 1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 ang'onoang'ono lonse ndi amene ali ndi zambiri M nambala, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Ndi sikelo dzina lake mosavuta - apa kutalika kwa mizere chimaoneka olalata. Mwachitsanzo, masentimita 1 - mamita 50. Izi zikutanthauza kuti 1 masentimita mtunda ndege limafanana ndi mamita 50 pansi.

The lonse la mtundu liniya - Zithunzi akuonetsedwa monga mzere woongoka, umene mbali ofanana. Chidutswa lonjezolo ndi phindu n'zosangalatsa kumva mwachinsinsi ndi kutalika kwa m'deralo.

dongosolo zizindikiro m'dera

Pofuna kuonetsa pa dongosolo topographic zinthu kapena njira amasonyeza makhalidwe awo zofunika Mkhalidwe kapena kachulukidwe, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ochiritsira kapena zizindikiro. Iwo kupereka chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha dongosolo okhudza malo a zinthu, komanso chikhalidwe chawo ndi maonekedwe.

Pali mitundu anayi zizindikiro:

• Scale - liniya ndi malo (mwachitsanzo, m'dera limati, misewu, milatho).
• Scaleless (a bwino, ndi masika, mzati, nsanja ndipo T. D.).
• Ofotokozera (siginecha makhalidwe a zinthu, monga m'lifupi msewu, mayina a nkhani).

Mu nthano dongosolo yonse inkanyezimira. Kutengera pa nthano amapanga lingaliro chachikulu cha malo.

Choncho, dongosolo m'dera - fano cartographic la ntchito ya padziko lapansi pamlingo waukulu. Izo ntchito pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zochita za anthu. Popanda izo, sizingatheke kupanga mapu topographic.