Matenda osokoneza bongo: ntchito ndi zizindikiro za mawonekedwe

Si chinsinsi kuti othamanga ngakhale ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso atangoyamba msinkhu nthawi zambiri amasiya maphunziro chifukwa cha kuvulala. Mavuto ambiri ndiwo mitsempha. Mbali yofooka kwambiri ndi minofu ya cartilaginous. Ntchito za ziwalo zoonongeka, zikhoza kubwezeretsedwa ngati chidwi chenicheni chimaperekedwa kwa vutoli ndikupanga zikhalidwe zoyenera zothandizira ndi kusinthidwa kwa maselo awo.

Nsalu mu thupi laumunthu

Thupi la munthu ndi dongosolo lovuta komanso losinthasintha. Zimapangidwa ndi maselo osiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi ntchito. Ndizofunikira kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi nyumba zopanda ma makina zimagwirizanitsidwa kukhala ziphuphu: epithelial, muscular, nervous, kugwirizana.

Maselo apakati amapanga maziko a khungu. Amayala mkatikati mwa mimba (m'mimba, thoracic, tsamba lopumako, m'matumbo). Minofu ya minofu imathandiza munthu kusuntha. Zimathandizanso kuti kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zamkati mkati ndi ziwalo zonse. Minofu imagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: zosalala (makoma a ziwalo ndi zitsulo), mtima, chigoba (chosemphana). Mitsempha ya mitsempha imapereka kusintha kwa ubongo kuchokera mu ubongo. Maselo ena amatha kukula ndi kuchulukitsa, ena mwa iwo amatha kusintha.

Mitsempha yolumikizana ndi chilengedwe cha mkati mwa thupi. Zili zosiyana ndi kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi katundu. Amakhala ndi mafupa amphamvu a mafupa, subcutaneous mafuta minofu, madzi othandizira: magazi ndi amphongo. Zimaphatikizanso mitsempha yotchedwa cartilaginous. Ntchito zake zikupanga, kusonkhanitsa, kuthandizira ndi kuthandizira. Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito yofunikira ndipo ndizofunikira m'thupi lovuta.

Matenda a khungu: mawonekedwe ndi ntchito

Mbali zake zimakhala zosangalatsa m'maselo. Poganizira iwo mosiyana, mukhoza kuona momwe iwo amasiyanirana bwino. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pathu - matrix - zimagwira ntchito ngati mliri pakati pawo. Ndipo mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cartilage imapangidwira pambali pamtundu waukulu wa amorphous ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (zotanuka ndi collagen). Ngakhale kuti ali ndi mapuloteni amodzimodzi, koma amasiyana ndi katundu ndipo, malinga ndi izo, amachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Mafupa onse a thupi anapangidwira kuchokera ku cartilage. Koma pamene adakula, mankhwalawa anali odzaza ndi mchere (makamaka calcium). Zotsatira zake, mafupa adapeza mphamvu ndikukhala mbali ya mafupa. Zinyumba zimathandizanso kugwira ntchito zothandizira. Mu msana, pakati pa magulu, amadziwa nthawi zonse (static and dynamic). Maso, mphuno, trachea, bronchi - m'madera amenewa zimakhala ndi mbali yowonjezera.

Kukula ndi zakudya za karoti ndi kudzera pa perichondrium. Ndili mthunzi ndi gawo loyenera, kupatula pa ziwalo. Mwa iwo, pakati pa malo odzolapo pali synovial madzi. Amatsuka, amawathira mafuta ndi kuwadyetsa, amasokoneza malonda.

Chikhalidwe

Mu kanyumba kakang'ono pali maselo ochepa omwe angathe kupatulidwa, ndi malo ambiri ozungulira iwo, odzaza ndi mapuloteni a zinthu zosiyana. Chifukwa chachidziwikiritso ichi, njira zowonongedwanso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zambiri mu chiwerengero cha matrix.

Pali mitundu iŵiri ya maselo a minofu: gonrotsity (okhwima) ndi chondroblasts (achinyamata). Zimasiyana mu kukula, malo ndi malo a malo. Chondrocytes ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo ndi aakulu. Zimakonzedwa muwiri kapena m'magulu a maselo khumi. Chondroblasts kawirikawiri ndi yaying'ono ndipo imakhala mu minofu yomwe ili pambali pena paliponse.

Mu cytoplasm ya maselo pansi pa chipolopolo, madzi amasonkhanitsa, pali zina zotchedwa glycogen. Oxygen ndi zakudya zimalowa m'maselo mosiyanasiyana. Pali kaphatikizidwe wa collagen ndi elastin. Zili zofunika pakupanga mapulogalamu a intercellular. Kuchokera pazifukwa zake, zimadalira mtundu womwe udzakhale minofu ya cartilaginous. Mbali za kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya larynx zimasiyana ndi intervertebral discs, kuphatikizapo zomwe zili collagen. M'matumbo, mu khungu la mphuno, chinthu chomwe chimaphatikizapo mankhwalawa chimakhala ndi 30% elastin.

Mitundu

Kodi minofu ya cartilaginous imakhala bwanji? Ntchito zake zimadalira mphamvu zamtundu winawake m'matumbo. Ngati pali elastin yambiri mu mapulogalamu, mapuloteniwa adzakhala mapulasitiki ambiri. Zili ngati zolimba, koma zida zowonjezera zimakhala zochepa. Iwo amatha kupirira miyeso osati pokhapokha pokhapokha, komabe pa kutambasula, kukhoza kupunduka popanda zotsatira zovuta. Mtembo wotchedwa cartilage umatchedwa kutanuka. Ziphuphu zawo zimapanga makoko, makutu, mphuno.

Ngati pali collagen wambiri m'matumbo pafupi ndi maselo okhala ndi makina amtundu wa polypeptide, karotilayi imatchedwa hyaline. Nthawi zambiri zimaphimba mapangidwe amkati. Coljeni yochuluka kwambiri imayikidwa pamalo okwera. Amagwira ntchito ya mafupa. Mitundu yowonjezera yomwe imakhala mkati mwake ikufanana ndi mapangidwe a mawonekedwe atatu ozungulira omwe ali nawo mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe.

Palinso gulu limodzi: fibrous, kapena fibrous, cartilage. Iwo, monga hyaline, ali ndi collagen wochulukirapo m'thupi, koma ali ndi dongosolo lapadera. Mitundu ya makoswe awo sakhala ndi mapulogalamu ovuta ndipo imakhala pambali pa katundu waukulu kwambiri. Iwo ali ocheperapo, ali ndi mphamvu yapadera yokakamiza, ndizobwezeretsedwa bwino ndi deformation. Ma disvertebral discs, ziwalo za mafupa ndi mafupa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku minofu imeneyi.

Ntchito

Chifukwa cha zinthu zamtengo wapatali zamagetsi, minofu yamtunduwu imakhala yoyenera kuti imangidwe zigawozikulu za mawonekedwe a minofu. Amatha kuvomereza mphamvu za kuponderezana ndi kutambasula panthawi ya kayendetsedwe ka magazi, kuzigawa mofananamo ndi zolemetsazo, kumbali kapena kuzizira.

Zinyumba zimapanga malo osagwedeza. Pamodzi ndi madzi a synovial, ziwalo zoterezi ndi katundu wovomerezeka zimatha kugwira ntchito zawo kwa nthawi yaitali.

Tendons sizinthu zogawanika. Ntchito zawo ndizoyenera kumangirira dongosolo lamagetsi . Amakhalanso ndi matumba a collagen fibres, koma maonekedwe ndi chiyambi chawo ndi zosiyana. Katundu wa mphuno, ziwalo za kupuma, mabala, kuwonjezera pa kupanga mawonekedwe ndi kuthandizira ntchito ndi malo okhudzana ndi matenda ofewa. Koma mosiyana ndi tendons, minofu pafupi nawo alibe katundu.

Zamtengo Wapatali

Pali ziwiya zochepa kwambiri m'mapweya otsekemera. Ndipo izi ndi zomveka, chifukwa katundu wolimba akhoza kuwononga iwo. Kodi minofu yodalitsika imadya bwanji? Ntchitozi zimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mu hyaline cartilage mulibe zombo konse. Malo awo opaka ndi ovuta komanso owopsa. Amadyetsedwa ndi synovial zamadzimodzi.

M'kati mwake, madzi amayenda momasuka. Ili ndi zinthu zonse zofunika kuti zitsitsimutso zizichitika. Ziwalo za prostteganic mu karotila zimamangiriza bwino madzi. Monga chinthu chosadziwika bwino chimapereka kukhwimitsa komanso kuwonjezereka. Pansi pa katundu, madzi amachititsa chidwi, amafalikira kudera lonselo ndikuchotseratu nkhawa, kuteteza kusokonekera kosavomerezeka.

Development

Mu thupi lachikulire, mpaka 2 peresenti ya misa ili mu mitsempha yotchedwa cartilaginous. Kodi izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pati ndipo zimagwira ntchito yanji? Katundu ndi mafupa m'kati mwa embryonic sizinasiyanitsidwe. Palibe mafupa mu mazira. Zimayamba kuchokera ku mitsempha yambiri ndipo zimapangidwa nthawi yoberekera. Koma zina mwa izo sizizimitsa. Amapanga makutu, mphuno, larynx, bronchi. Iyenso ilipo mu ziwalo za manja ndi mapazi, ziwalo za mafupa a pubic, intervertebral discs, knee menisci.

Kukula kwa kadoti kumachitika m'magulu angapo. Choyamba maselo a mesenchyme amakhala odzaza ndi madzi, atazungulira, amataya mphukira zawo ndipo amayamba kutulutsa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matrix. Pambuyo pake, amasiyanitsa ndi chondrocytes ndi chondroblasts. Choyamba chimakhala chozunguliridwa mozungulira ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mudziko lino, iwo akhoza kugawidwa chiwerengero chochepa. Pambuyo pa njira zoterezi gulu la isogenic limapangidwa. Maselo otsala pamwamba pa minofu amakhala ma chondroblasts. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi, kusiyana kotsiriza kumachitika, chimangidwe chimapangidwa ndi magawo osiyana kukhala malire ochepa komanso maziko a minofu.

Kusintha kwa zaka

Ntchito za minofu ya munthu samasintha m'moyo. Komabe, m'kupita kwa nthawi, mukhoza kuona zizindikiro za ukalamba: minofu ndi matumbo a ziwalo zimachepetsedwa, kusinthasintha kumatayika, zopweteka zimakula chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo kapena zochitika zosazolowereka. Ndondomeko yotereyi imatengedwa ngati chikhalidwe cha thupi. Pofika zaka 30 mpaka 40, zizindikiro za kusintha zingayambitse kusokoneza kwambiri. Kukalamba kwa minofu ya articular cartilage imachokera chifukwa cha kutaya kwake. Kuphulika kwa nsalu kumatayika. Nsaluyo imalira, imamasula.

Ming'alu amaoneka pa yosalala pamwamba, imakhala yovuta. Kusinthasintha komanso kumangokhala kosavuta sikungatheke. Mphepete mwadothi ikuwonjezeka, imayika mwa iwo, mawonekedwe a osteophytes mu minofu. Zaka zotsekemera zowonjezereka zokhudzana ndi kashiamu, koma izi sizikuwonetseratu ntchito zawo (mphuno, makutu).

Kulephera kwa khungu ndi mafupa

Kodi izi zidzachitika liti ndipo zingatheke bwanji? Kwambiri, izi zimadalira ntchito ya minofu. Mu intervertebral discs, ntchito yaikulu yomwe ikukhazikika ndi kuthandizira, nthawi zambiri kusokonezeka kwa ntchito kumachitika ndi chitukuko cha njira zowonongeka. Mkhalidwewo ukhoza kuwatsogolera kumalo osunthirapo, omwe amatanthauzanso kufinya ziwalo zozungulira. An edema, kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha, kufuta ziwiya sikungapeweke.

Kuti abwezeretse bata, thupi limayesetsa kulimbana ndi vutoli. Vertebra m'malo mwa kusintha "kumasinthira" ku mkhalidwewo, imakula ngati mavuvu amodzi (masharubu). Sizimapindulitsanso tizirombo tomwe timayandikana nawo: Kudzinso kutumphuka, kutsekemera, kufinya. Vutoli ndi lovuta. Kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe kake ka osteochondral cartilage nthawi zambiri amatchedwa osteochondrosis.

Kuletsa kwa nthawi yaitali (gypsum ndi kuvulala) kumakhudzanso chotupa. Ngati, ponyamula katundu wambiri, zotupa zowonongeka zimakhala zowonongeka, ndiye pa ntchito yochepa katsamba sikhala chakudya. Madzi a synovial sagwirizana bwino, ma chondrocyte salandira mchere wokwanira, motero, kuchuluka kwa collagen ndi elastin kwa chiwerengero cha matrix sikunapangidwe.

Zomalizazo zimadziwonetsera zokhazokha: pochita opaleshoni nthawi zonse, katsabola kamene kamayenera kulandira katundu okwanira kuti asokonezeke ndi kupanikizika. Kuonetsetsa izi, muyenera kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutsogolera moyo wathanzi ndi wokhala ndi moyo.