Mawu Old ndi tanthauzo lake. Phindu la mawu akale Russian

Mawu - chopereka cha mawu onse amene tikugwiritsa ntchito. A gulu osiyana mu lotanthauzira akhoza ankaona mawu akale. Iwo ali mu Chirasha kwambiri, ndipo iwo ali panyengo zosiyanasiyana zakale.

ndi mawu mpesa Kodi

Popeza chinenero ndi mbali yofunika ya mbiri ya anthu, ndipo mawu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chinenero ichi ndi amtengo wapatali zakale. mawu Old ndi tanthauzo akhoza kundiuza kwambiri zimene zinthu zinachitika pa moyo wa anthu mu nyengo imeneyo ndi ena a iwo zinali zofunika kwambiri. Old kapena akulu, mawu sizigwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama nthawi yathu, koma mu mawu a anthu, zinalembedwa madikishonale ndi mabuku. Nthawi zambiri angapezeke mu zosemasema.

Mwachitsanzo, mu ndakatulo Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina, timawerenga m'ndime zotsatirazi:

"Khamu la ana wamphamvu,

Ndi anzanga Gridnitsa mkulu

Vladimir dzuwa phwando,

Ang'onoang'ono mwana anapatsa

Pakuti wolimba kalonga Ruslan ".

Pano pali mawu akuti "Gridnitsa". Tsopano zilibe ntchito, koma m'nyengo ya Prince Vladimir, izo zimatanthauza chipinda chachikulu, imene kalonga ndi retinue wake anakonza madyerero ndi maphwando.

historicism

mawu Old ndi lakuti zawo zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi asayansi, iwo anawagawa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu.

Historicism - mawu amene tsopano mwakhama ntchito chifukwa anatuluka ntchito mfundo zimene iwo akuimilira. Mwachitsanzo, "malaya", "makalata" zida "archaisms, etc. - awa ndi mawu amene amatanthauza mfundo bwino kwa ife mu mawu ena Mwachitsanzo, m'kamwa -. Milomo, masaya - masaya, khosi - khosi.

M'mawu masiku ano, monga ulamuliro, iwo ntchito. mawu anzeru kwambiri ndi matanthauzo ake, ambiri sakumvetsa, pakuti mayankhulidwe wathu watsiku ndi tsiku sizionekaoneka. Koma kutha palimodzi achikale. Historicism ndi archaisms olemba ntchito zoona kumuuza za m'mbuyomu anthu, ndi mawu awa iwo kusonyeza kukoma kwa chi. Historicism moona amatiuza za chinachake chimene chinachitika kamodzi nthawi zina m'dziko lathu.

archaisms

Mosiyana historicism archaisms amaimira zochitika amene timakumana nawo moyo wamakono. Izi mawu wochenjera, ndi matanthauzo yawo amasiyana alipidwa kwa ife mawu okha alankhula mosiyana. Archaisms zosiyana. Pali anthu omwe ndi osiyana ndi mawu wamba chabe mbali ya kalembedwe ndi katchulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, matalala, ndi mzinda, golide, golide Mlada - wamng'ono. Izi archaisms phonetic. M'zaka za m'ma 19 panali mawu otere ambiri. Iwo klob (kalabu), Stora (nsalu).

Pali gulu la archaisms ndi suffixes chakale, monga Muzeum (owonetsera zakale), thandizo (thandizo), asodzi (nsodzi). Nthawi zambiri tidzakomane archaisms lexical Mwachitsanzo, diso - diso, dzanja lamanja - lamanja Shuitsev - dzanja lamanzere.

Monga historicism, archaisms ntchito kulenga dziko wapadera zopeka. Choncho, dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito chinenero chachikale chinkawavuta kupereka ntchito zake pathos. Izi bwino Chitsanzo cha ndakatulo "Mtumiki".

Mawu a Ancient Lazaro

Ancient Lazaro anapereka kwambiri chikhalidwe ano. Koma ndiye panali yeniyeni chilengedwe lexical, ena mwa mawu amene zasungidwa ndi chinenero chamakono Russian. Ndipo ena sali ntchito konse. Old lotha Russian mawu a chi kutipatsa ife lingaliro za chiyambi cha zilankhulo East Asilavo.

Mwachitsanzo, wakale matemberero. Ena a iwo ndi zolondola kwambiri chinyezimiro cha makhalidwe oipa a munthuyo. Joe Lizani - Wolankhula, Ruhm - n'ngoliralira Tolokonov mphumi - wopusa, zahuhrya - disheveled munthu.

Phindu la mawu akale Russian zina amasiyana makhalidwe wina mizu mwa chinenero chamakono. Ife tonse tikudziwa mawu "siganut" ndi "whitefish", iwo zikutanthauza gulu mofulumira malo. Old Russian mawu "sig" zikutanthauza laling'ono unit wa muyeso nthawi. Mu umodzi MiG zili whitefish 160. Mfundo lalikulu muyeso amaonedwa "mtunda zina" omwe ndi wofanana 1, 4 kuwala chaka.

mawu wakale ndi matanthauzo zafotokozedwa asayansi. ndalama wakale amaonedwa mayina amene ankagwiritsa ntchito Russia wakale. Makobidi amene anatuluka mu zana lachisanu ndi chitatu ndi chinayi mu Russia zinkachokera ku za Arab Caliphate, ntchito dzina "Coon", "nogata" ndi "kudula". Ndiyeno panali woyamba Russian ndalama - izo zlatniki ndi ndalama zasiliva.

mawu achikale ku 12 ndi 13 zaka

Pre-Mongol nthawi mu Russia, 12-13 atumwi, yodziwika ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga, zomwe otchedwa zomangamanga. Motero, ndipo panali ndiye wosanjikiza mawu kugwirizana ndi kumanga ndi erection nyumba. Ena mwa mawu ndiye anali akutulukira chinenero chamakono, koma mtengo wa zaka Russian mawu kwa nthawi yonseyi zasintha.

Maziko a moyo wa Russia m'zaka za m'ma 12 panali linga, zomwe amatchedwa "Detinets". Patapita kanthawi, m'zaka za m'ma 14, mawu akuti 'Kremlin ankatanthauza kenako kutanthauza mzinda. Mawu "Kremlin" adzakhala chitsanzo cha mmene kusintha lakale Russian mawu. Ngati boma la Russia ndi imodzi, ndi okhala mutu wa boma, ndiye kremlins ambiri.

Mu zaka 11 ndi 12 mu Russia kumanga mizinda ndi mipanda nkhuni. Koma iwo sankakhoza kupirira alimbane wa Mongol-Chitata. The Mongolia, akubwera kugonjetsa dziko, monga angayerekeze linga matabwa. Analimba mwala mzinda wa Novgorod ndi Pskov. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu "Kremlin" amapezeka lina la Tver mbiri mu 1317. Ndi n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu wakale "kremnik". Ndiye iwo anamanga Kremlin mu Moscow, Tula ndi Kolomna.

Social ndi zokongoletsa udindo wa archaisms mu mabuku

mawu wakale, ndi nkhani ya amene amapezeka nkhani za sayansi, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba Russian kulankhula kwambiri limaonetseratu zojambulajambula. Dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin m'nkhani wake anafotokoza za chilengedwe cha "Boris Godunov": "Ndinayesetsa ndikuganiza chinenero cha nthawi."

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov amatanthauzanso ntchito mawu akale ndi matanthauzo wofanana ndendende ndi zimene zimachitika nthawi, kuchokera kumene iwo anagwidwa. Mawu amakezana kuonekera mu ntchito yake "The Song za Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich." Mwachitsanzo, "Veda", "o, inu goy esi" Ali. " Komanso, dzina lake Aleksandr Nikolaevich Ostrovsky analemba mabuku amene mawu ambiri yakale. Izi "wotchedwa Dmitry ndi wonamizira", "Voivod", "Kozma Minin Zaharich-Sukhoruk".

Udindo wa mawu a lothandiza otsiriza mabuku chi

Archaisms anakhalabe otchuka mu mabuku a zana la 20. Kumbukirani ntchito wotchuka ndi Ilf ndi Petrov "The Mipando khumi". Apa, mawu akale ndi tanthauzo lake ndi chosiyana zoseketsa kamvekedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, pofotokoza maulendo a Ostap Bender m'mudzi Vasyuki anapeza mawu oti "mmodzi yemwe ankaoneka sanatenge diso lake okha ndi nsapato grossmeysterovoy." Ntchito Church Chisilavo archaisms mtundu ndi M'nkhani wina: "Atate Fyodor anali ndi njala. Ine ankafuna kuti chuma. "

zolakwa Stylistic ntchito historicism ndi archaisms

Historicism ndi archaisms akhoza kwambiri anawonjezapo zopeka, koma ntchito zawo inept kuseka. mawu akale, kukambirana chomwe nthawi zambiri wotanganidwa kwambiri, monga ulamuliro, sangathe ntchito kulankhula tsiku ndi tsiku. Mukayamba akafunsa wodutsayo: "N'chifukwa yozizira lotseguka khosi inu," iye sali kumvetsa inu (kunena za khosi).

M'mawu nyuzipepala anapezanso ntchito zosayenera wa historicism ndi archaisms. Mwachitsanzo: ". Wamkulu pasukulupo privechayut aphunzitsi achinyamata amene anabwera kuchita" Mawu "sadzasiya" n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu akuti "olandiridwa". Nthawi zina ophunzira anaikapo mu nyimbo zawo archaisms chotero sapereka bwino kwambiri ndipo ngakhale zosamveka. Mwachitsanzo: "Olga anathamanga kulira ndipo anauza Tatiana Ivanovna za chipongwe lapansi." Choncho, ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akale, tanthauzo, kutanthauzira, kutanthauza iwo ayenera kukhala bwino mwamtheradi kwa inu.

Lotha mawu zongopeka ndi yopeka

Aliyense akudziwa kuti zinatchuka chachikulu mu nthawi yathu Mitundu monga zongopeka ndi yopeka. Iwo likukhalira kuti zongopeka polemba chinenero ntchito, mawu akale ankagwiritsa ntchito, ndi tanthauzo lake si nthawi zonse Poyera owerenga masiku ano.

Mfundo monga "mbendera" ndi "chala", wowerenga angathe kumvetsa. Koma nthawi zina pali mawu zovuta zambiri monga "Caumont" ndi "kuphunzitsa". Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ofalitsa si nthawi zonse amavomereza ntchito yambiri pa archaisms. Koma pali ntchito imene olemba ntchito bwinobwino historicism ndi archaisms. Iwo amagwira ntchito mu mndandanda "Asilavo zongopeka." Mwachitsanzo, mabuku a Maria Stepanova 'Valkyrie, Tatiana Korostyshevsky "mayi wa mphepo zinai," Maria Semenova "Wolfhound" Denis Novozhilov "Far kutali ufumu. The nkhondo mpando wachifumuwo. "