Mbiri mtundu wanyimbo mu luso zithunzi: malongosoledwe, oimira

Italy, malo a mtundu wanyimbo mbiri paluso chabwino, anali prerequisites zonse zikamera a mtundu umenewu kupenta. Ufumu wa Roma anali mkulu mlingo kwambiri za chikhalidwe, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wake ndi maziko a luso la maiko onse a Ulaya. Mpake kuti Italy pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, m'zaka XV, panali mtundu wanyimbo mbiri paluso chabwino.

A mwachidule mbiri

Kuti timvetsetse zimene mtundu wanyimbo mbiri zojambulajambula, m'pofunika zimene zili nthawi pansi obwereza. Kubadwa Kwatsopano nthawi - ichi ndi heyday maganizo a anthu zimene zachititsa nkhawa osati kwa munthuyo komanso kuti mbiri ya ndale.

Zochitika za m'mbuyomu amunamuna a dziko ndipo anali kusonyeza mtundu wanyimbo mbiri paluso chabwino. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi: zojambula Andrea Mantenya, "chipambane Kaisara" (1485-1492), zosiyanasiyana nsalu Paolo Uccello, zoyenera Nkhondo ya San Romano ndi ena. Zipambano za Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku Italy, anafalikira mofulumira ku Ulaya, kumene mtundu wanyimbo mbiri paluso chabwino ndipo anayamba chitukuko.

European amisiri wa kupenta mbiri zaka XVII-XVIII

zochitika kale anakopeka ojambula zithunzi ndi m'mayiko Western European. Kukula kwa kukuchititsa zimenezi akhoza zimachitika kwa XVII m'ma - ndi heyday wa classicism ndi Baroque. Tikumbukenso kuti mu chikhalidwe luso kuti kutsogolo anatuluka chimodzimodzi mtundu wanyimbo mbiri. Mitundu ina zaluso chabwino kwa nthawi yaitali kumupatsa malo tanthauzo chifukwa classicism anafuna kulenga mu malo oyamba mafano amunamuna ndi zojambula chadzaoneni.

Kalembedwe izi, nkhani za mbiri yakale, ntchito Peter Paulo Rubens (a kupenta "Nkhondo ya Amazons" 1619-1620 gg.), Nikola Pussen ( "The kugwirira wa Sabine Women" 1614-1615 gg.), Jacques-Louis Davide amene analemba akale ndi mfundo ano. Ntchito izi yodziwika ndi mzimu wa pathos, amunamuna kuika, chapamwamba nkhope ndi manja. Mu nsalu kapangidwe kake akufanana kanthu zidutswa zosowa zakale ndipo inali bombast ed. Malangizo amenewa akuphatikizapo zojambula, zinalembedwa Uthenga Wabwino. Mwachitsanzo, Harmensz Van Reyn Rembrandt analenga kupenta "Kubweranso kwa Mwana wolowelera" (1669).

Mbiri kupenta mu Europe mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX

Classicism ndi Baroque posachedwa anagwetsa latsopano mafunde chikhalidwe - romanticism. Oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi kuchokera kutanthauzira amunamuna a m'mbuyomu, kuganizira kwambiri chigawo chimodzi maganizo. The ojambula zithunzi ananyamuka kulenga zithunzi ngati kuti zimabweretsa chisoni ndi chifundo kwa omvetsera. Mbiri mtundu wanyimbo kupenta anali kapangidwe chosiyana, monga Amaonetsa mutu wa mmene anthu maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, Ezhena Delakrua penti "kuphedwa pa Chios" zinalembedwa mu 1826. amajambulapo maluwa okongola mbiri angapezeke, ndi ntchito za ena otchuka French wojambula Onore Dome: penti "Kupanduka" (1848).

Western European mbiri chikondi nthawi kupenta

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX, ndi mtundu wanyimbo mbiri mu luso zithunzi lasintha kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa zikamera wa njira ina yatsopano - ndi Kuzindikira. nthumwi zake ndafuna kulenga zithunzi zina zooneka ngati zenizenidi ndi ziwembu. Vuto limeneli akhoza zimachitika ntchito Adolf Von Menzel, amene analengedwa mu 1850 angapo zojambula zoyenera chi Fridriha Velikogo. Chidwi mu mbiri ya nthawi iyi makamaka ukugwirizana ndi kusintha ambiri amene anagwedeza Europe pa nthawi. Kumachitika mikangano ndi kupanduka kunabuka Italy, France ndi Germany. Choncho, asayansi, akatswiri a zojambulajambula, olemba anafuna mayankho alipo kale, ndipo izi anafotokoza zikamera wa Kuzindikira chikhalidwe.

Zikamera wa Russian mbiri mtundu wanyimbo kupenta

Chidwi sanafotokozepo mbiri ya dziko la chisunzo. Origins, mitundu ndi Mitundu mu Russia - ndi mitu kukambirana wina, chifukwa chikhalidwe chathu kwambiri Anabwereka luso European. Nthawi ya classicism mu dziko lalikulu kunayamba m'ma XVIII: pa nthawi ino aluso zoweta anatembenukira kwa zochitika za m'mbuyomu ntchito zawo.

Tate wa mtundu wanyimbo mbiri luso Russian - Anton Pavlovich Losenko. Iye analemba zojambula wotchuka akale of Ancient Lazaro ( "Vladimir ndi Rogneda", 1770) ndi zojambula zoyenera mfundo zachikhalidwe. otsatira ake Ivan Akimov, chikutitsimikizira zochitika za Kievan Lazaro, Peter Sokolov, chosonyeza zithunzi m'nthano, Gregory Ugriumov, amanena kuti zochitika za m'ma XIII. ntchito izi, komanso zojambula European kalembedwe chakale, osiyana okwera zithunzi ndi ziwembu.

mfundo za m'Baibulo luso Russian mu zaka 1800-1850

zithunzi mtundu wanyimbo kupenta pa luso zithunzi anali yosiyanasiyana Komabe, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha maphunziro, mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma nkhani mbiri wotanganidwa kachitidwe lalikulu mu chikhalidwe luso. The amisiri wa kukuchititsa zimenezi kwakukulukulu anapitiriza miyambo ya classicism, kusankha chinthu m'ntchito zake amunamuna mfundo za m'mbuyomu. polemba chinenero mbiri paluso chabwino, kupenta ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi makamaka limaonetseratu, unali nazo kutchuka wamkulu anzeru, ndi pakati pa misa anthu.

Malangizo amenewa akuphatikizapo ntchito Antona Ivanova "The chintchito achinyamata ku Kiev pa kuzinga Kiev Pechenegs mu 968" (1810), Alekseya Egorova "Mpumulo pa Flight ku Egypt" (1830). Pa nthawi yomweyo, watsopano malangizo - romanticism, amene mamembala kulenga omveka, zithunzi maganizo, kwambiri maganizo mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, Karl Pavlovich Bryullov, amene analenga kupenta wotchuka za imfa ya Pompeii, Fodor Antonovich Bruni ndi dzina lake Aleksandr Andreevich Ivanov, amene analemba nkhani Baibulo.

mfundo za m'Baibulo ntchito za olemba otsiriza kotala ya atumwi

Mu theka lachiwiri la XIX atumwi, ojambula zithunzi anayamba kujambula zithunzi m'mbiri Russian. Zojambulajambula, pali angapo zojambula wodzipereka kwa zinthu zina zakale za dziko lathu. Mbiri mtundu wanyimbo mu luso zithunzi umaimiridwa ndi zojambula zotsatirazi: zojambula Ili Repina "Mfumukazi Sophia mu Novodevichy Akatolika" (1879) ndi "Ivan Grozny amapha mwana wake" (1884), ntchito ya Vasily Surikov analandira zochitika chidwi kwambiri mu mbiri ya Russia XVIII atumwi. ntchito izi kusiyana ndi zithunzi mmene zokongola ndi limaonetseratu ndi chilengedwe maziko.

The mtundu wanyimbo mbiri zaluso chabwino

ojambula zithunzi Local anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito osati kuti zochitika za ndale, komanso fano la moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu Russian. Choncho, otchuka ndi chithunzi anatenga otchedwa banja mtundu wanyimbo mbiri. Chabwino luso kukuchititsa zimenezi chapeza kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu ophunzira kwambiri a nthawi imeneyo.

Chitsanzo ndi ntchito ya olemba zotsatirazi: Vyacheslava Shvartsa, analenga chithunzi za kusaka achifumu, Konstantin Makovsky, amene analemba za zojambula ndi Muscovy m'zaka XVII. nkhani zakale banja anatenga zofunika kwambiri mu ntchito ya oimira cha macheza "World wa Art". Makamaka zojambula awo anali kusewera chimwambo ndi chofunika, koma ndi zowawa za chisoni (Albert Benoit chosonyeza zotuluka odzitukumula ya mafumu Russian ndi empresses mu XVIII atumwi, Evgeniy Lansere, chosonyeza pamalo wapamwamba pa bwalo, Valentin Serov jambulani lachisangalalo mfumu).

Mbiri mtundu wanyimbo kupenta nthawi Soviet ndi zamakono

Mu Soviet Union, aluso kawirikawiri anatembenukira kwa zochitika za m'mbuyomu Russia. Komabe, iwo nakhalanso mwambo wa luso maphunziro a za m'ma XIX, chosonyeza zithunzi amunamuna m'mbiri Russian. Mwachitsanzo, chithunzicho V. E. Popkov imatengedwa tate wa "kalembedwe aakulu" zaluso Soviet (kupenta, embodying yomanga zomera hydropower). La zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yake ndi mutu wa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ( "Mezen amasiye", 1965-1968.). A cholembera Te Nazarenko a ntchito, zomwe Tingaone mfundo anatembenukira: kugalukira Pugachev, Decembrists.

ojambula zithunzi Contemporary akuonetsa chidwi kwambiri mu mbiri ya Russia. I. S. Glazunov anatchuka kwambiri polenga dziko nsalu zokha ayi yaikulu odzipereka kumvetsa zakale za dziko lathu: "Russia, dzukani" mankhwala, mophiphiritsira kuwonetseratu tsoka la wolemba, (1994) ndi ena.

Choncho, Polongosola mwachidule, tikhoza kunena kuti mitu mbiri wotanganidwa malo otchuka kwambiri luso European, komanso kupenta Russian. Oona ndi olondola, masewero ndi chofunika nthawi zonse anali mtundu wanyimbo mbiri. Zonse Mitundu ya luso chabwino kupereka mawu, koma mudzipatsana ndi mtsogoleri.