Polemba chinenero History. Mbiri polemba chinenero mabuku

Komanso wolemba mbiri, wolemba akhoza yolenganso tione ndi zochitika za m'mbuyomu, ngakhale kubalana awo luso Ndithu osiyana ndi sayansi. Mlembi, zochokera deta mbiri zikuphatikizapo ntchito zawo monga kulenga zopeka - izo chimafotokoza zimene zikhoza kukhala, osati chimene chinali kwenikweni.

Ntchito zabwino za mtundu wanyimbo mbiri, osati phindu zokongoletsa, komanso mbiri yakale ndipo nkhani. Zopeka akhoza kujambula maonekedwe chonse cha nyengo makedzana kuwulula malingaliro, ngathi anthu, maphunzilo psyche, moyo mu zithunzi moyo. Mbiri ndi mtundu wanyimbo umafananirako chifukwa moyo - ndi gawo la mbiri. Ganizirani mbiri ya mapangidwe a mtundu wanyimbo mbiri m'mabuku.

Zopatsa mbiri

Osati ntchito iliyonse kufotokoza zochitika za m'mbuyomu, amafuna recreate iwo pamene anali kwenikweni. Nthawi zina mfundo za nkhaniyo zithunzi ndi zokongola, pachimake chiwembu, mtundu wapadera - ndi zosowa, chapamwamba, etc. Izi mbiri Yodziwika Zopatsa (mwachitsanzo A. Dumas mankhwala "Ascanio" "Herminia", "Black", "Werengani Monte Khristu," "Chikosika Abale" ndi ena). ntchito yaikulu - kulenga pamalo zimasangalatsa.

The zikamera wa mtundu wanyimbo mbiri

Art mabuku mbiri anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe ndi kwa zaka 18-19. Panthawi imeneyi, inasintha mbiri yakale buku - ndi mtundu wanyimbo wapadera, omwe cholinga mwachindunji kuwonetsera moyo wa nyengo zapitazi. Iye (monga inatulutsidwa mochedwa m'mbiri) ndi mwapadera pa ntchito zoyenera zochitika za nyengo m'mbuyomu. Art mabuku mbiri wayamba kutuluka mogwirizana ndi chidwi zinasintha kudziwa mbiri, ndiyo ndondomeko mapangidwe ndi sayansi. Ndendende chifukwa cha ichi pali awa mitundu ya Mitundu.

Olemba loyamba kulenga mu Mitundu latsopano

Wolemba choyamba, anayamba kulenga ntchito za nkhani yofunika kwa ife, ndi W. Scott. Pamaso zimene zimachititsa mapangidwe a mabuku ndi Goethe ndi Schiller, wamkulu olemba German. Mu ntchito yoyamba m'mbiri umaimiridwa ndi ntchito za "Egmont" (1788) ndi "Goetz Von Berlichingen" (1773). The chachiwiri analenga "Wallenstein" (1798-1799), "William Uzani" mu 1804 "Mary Stuart" mu 1801. Koma ntchito zenizeni kunja kunali chabe Valtera Skotta, amene amaonedwa tate wa mtundu wanyimbo wa buku mbiri.

Iye ali wa mndandanda wa ntchito zosonyeza nthawi ya Nkhondo za Mtanda ( "Richard ndi Lionheart", "Ivanhoe," "Robert, Chiwerengero cha Paris"), komanso mapangidwe European monarchies dziko ( "Kventin Dorvard"), ndi bourgeois zisinthe mu England ( " Woodstock "," Oyeretsa "), ngozi mu Scotland dongosolo Fuko (" Rob Roy, "" Waverley "), ndipo ena. kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ntchito yake yomanga cholembera yakale wolemba zachokera kuphunzira magwero mbiri (pamene kale wojambula kwenikweni kukuchepetsa kubwezeretsa mkulu Inde zochitika ndi ziwerengero kwambiri ankaikira zinthu zakale). Zilandiridwenso a wolemba kwakhudza pa pofuna kukwaniritsa zomwe akhala akukonza zosiyanasiyana Mitundu.

Anthu ambiri amene analemba chakale amatchula mutu mbiri. Zikuphatikizapo Victor Hugo, yemwe ndi wolemba mabuku osiyanasiyana. Kunena mbiri ndi wolemba ichi - "Cromwell", "makumi asanu ndi anai ndi zitatu", "Notre Dame de A Paris" ndi ena.

Chidwi nkhani A. de A Vigny ( "Cinq-Mars"), Manzoni, olengedwa mwa 1827, "The wopalidwa ubwenzi" ndi F. Cooper, M. Zagoskin, I. Lazhechnikov ndi ena.

NKHANI romantics ntchito analenga

Polemba chinenero History, anapereka ntchito za Romantics ndi, sikuti ndi zothandiza kudziwa mbiri yakale. Chindiletsa ichi ndi zotengera malingaliridwe kutanthauzira zochitika, ndi m'malo a mikangano weniweni chikhalidwe, kulimbana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa. nthawi zambiri zilembo zazikulu za mabuku si Pokhala yabwino ya wolemba (mwachitsanzo, ntchito Esmeralda Hugo a), ndipo si mwa mitundu yeniyeni m'mbiri. Zingamvekere kwakukulukulu ndi ndale zikhulupiriro Mlengi. Mwachitsanzo, A. de A Vigny, amene chifundo ndi apamwamba, ndi ngwazi ya mankhwala ake mapulogalamu zimapangidwa ndi nthumwi za otchedwa ang'onoang'ono Fronde.

zimathandizadi malangizo

Koma musati amayang'anitsitsa nyota za ntchito mogwirizana ndi mlingo wa lodalirika mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, mabuku Hugo ali ndi yaikulu maganizo zimakhudza mphamvu. Komabe, chinthu chofunikira mu pofuna kukwaniritsa mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 19 polemba chinenero mbiri kumachititsanso ndi chigonjetso mu n'zomveka mfundo. zithunzi moyenera ntchito za chikhalidwe, anthu udindo wa anthu mu ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, malowedwe mu ndondomeko zovuta kulimbana kwa mphamvu osiyana nawo mmenemo. Mbali zimenezi zokongoletsa akhala kwakukulukulu ophunzitsidwa sukulu Valtera Skotta ( "Jacquerie" Merimee, "Shuany" Balzac). Polemba chinenero mu zimathandizadi refraction m'mbiri yakale Russia anapambana ntchito Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina ( "Arap Petra Wamkulu", "Boris Godunov", "The Captain wa Mwana").

Kukulitsa kusanthula maganizo

M'zaka za m'ma 19, mu 30-40s, zinali dzenje latsopano mu ntchito za kusanthula maganizo (mwachitsanzo, Waterloo chithunzi ntchito "Charterhouse wa Parma" ndi Stendhal). Pamwamba pa mtundu wanyimbo mbiri m'zaka 19 - ndi epic "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" ndi Tolstogo L. N. Iwo amagwira ntchito historicism kumaonekera polenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana mbiri kudziwika zikuluzikulu za mbiri, komanso kufala molondola peculiarities zoweta, chikhalidwe, chinenero, maganizo ndi maganizo akuonetsedwa nthawi.

Mbiri polemba chinenero cha m'ma-19

Mu zaka za m'ma 19, pambuyo zipambano zambiri za sukulu realist, ndi wotchuka kwambiri amene nkhani mafunso mbiri anakweza tsogolo la mtundu ndi moyo wa anthu, regressing zina luso mabuku mbiri chitukuko. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka kwa kachitidwe ambiri bourgeois mfundo kulimbikitsa reactionary mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, komanso kunyamuka kunadetsa wamphamvu historicism ganizo chikhalidwe. Zamakono nkhani ya olemba zosiyanasiyana za mabuku mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, A. France chake zinalembedwa 1912 ntchito "Milungu ndi njala" anadzipereka ku nthawi za French kuukira boma, Akuzigwira mfundo yakuti anthu zamphamvu zake chitukuko.

Wamba otchedwa mabuku chophiphiritsa, n'kumaganiza zina kumvetsa zakuya za ndondomeko ya mbiri yakale, koma kwenikweni amalenga zomangamanga subjectivist, ndi khalidwe lachinsinsi. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi: unakhazikitsidwa mu 1901, ntchito A. Schnitzler a "Chophimba wa Beatrice," mu 1908, Merezhkovsky - "Paulo Ine" ndi "Alexander Ine".

Mbiri mtundu wanyimbo mu East

M'mayiko ena a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, Komano, pa nthawi iyi Poyankha kwambiri anthu ndi mtengo wa mtundu wanyimbo mbiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti m'mayiko zinayamba nkhondo yomenyele ufulu wadziko mu nthawi ino. Nthawi zina mabuku mbiri limakhala khalidwe chikondi. Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito za H. Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist:. "Chigumula", "Moto ndi Lupanga", "Quo Vadis," "msilikali Wolodyjowski", "Akhristu"

M'mayiko ambiri East dziko kumasulidwa kayendedwe maziko mapangidwe buku mbiri. Mu India, mwachitsanzo, mlengi wake ndi B.Ch. Chottopadhay.

Development polemba chinenero pambuyo pa October kuukira boma

Mu Ulaya, pambuyo October kuukira boma akuyamba wozungulira atsopano chitukuko cha mbiri realist buku. Iye analola moyenera Kumadzulo kulemba mndandanda wa ntchito ndi zitsanzo za luso mabuku mbiri. Kumbuyo pamene zinali chifukwa kufunika kuteteza miyambo ndi cholowa chikhalidwe, ndi zisudzo ndi olamulira achifasizimu olemba humanists. Mwachitsanzo, zinalembedwa mu 1939, Thomas Mann novella "Lotte ku Weimar" mabuku ambiri a Feuchtwanger. N'zosiyana demokalase lathu anthu, ndi yogwirizana ntchito chi yodziwika nthawi yomweyo ntchito mwakhama wolemba pa njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mbiri. Koma mu nthawi iyi pali amaonekera mfundo yeniyeni m'mbiri bourgeois sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, nthawizina uko Feuchtwanger lingaliro patsogolo wa mbiri ya nkhondo yolimbana conservatism ndi kuganiza izo saganizira udindo wa anthu, anawonetseredwa nthawi subjectivity.

zokomera Kuzindikira

Kuyambira Kuzindikira zokomera kuti pa msinkhu wina, amene amatenga mtundu wanyimbo mbiri m'mabuku. nzeru ake adakangana kuti kuli mbiri ya zinthu gulu la anthu, kotero mabuku panthawi imeneyo anali ndi zinthu zonse kuti chitukuko mfundo za historicism. Mu njira iyi yapindula kwambiri. The mfundo zofunika kwambiri kukhala yofunika image, kutembenuzira nyengo. Ndi mmene kwa mabuku mbiri ya nthawi wofuna generalizations lalikulu, yadzaoneni. Mwachitsanzo, buku "Peter Ine" A. N. Tolstogo, chosonyeza fano wolamulirayo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, lomwe limanena za tsogolo la anthu athu pa nthawi yofunika kwambiri chitukuko.

The mfundo yaikulu ya mabuku Soviet anali kulimbana Mafumu, mapeto wachifumu Russia Chikhalidwe kukalamba ndi nthawi yokonza zinthu zisinthe ndi malongosoledwe a wake. Ndi mabuku mbiri kwakukulukulu wawo analenga M. ntchito Gorky a "The Life of Klim Samgin" MA Sholokhov - "Matama Umayenda ya Don", AN Tolstoy - "The Road ku Gologota" ndi ena.

Today chotchuka kwambiri ndi mbiri chinsinsi - ndi mtundu wanyimbo akuimira mu ntchito za Boris Akunin, Umberto Eco, Agatha Christie, Alexander Bushkova ndi ena.