Mbiri ya manambala ndi dongosolo nambala Pamalo system (mwachidule)

Mbiri ya manambala ndi dongosolo chiwerengero n'zogwirizana, chifukwa dongosolo nambala, ndi njira yolemba mfundo ngati umboni monga manambala. mutu Izi sizikhudza yekha m'munda wa masamu, chifukwa zonsezi ndi mbali yofunika ya chikhalidwe anthu onse. Chifukwa amadziwa mbiri ya manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero, mwachidule wokhudza pa mbali zambiri za mbiri ya chitukuko amene adalenga iwo. Systems zambiri ogaŵikana nonpositional Pamalo ndi kusakaniza. Kuyambira kusinthana awo ndi nkhani yonse ya manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero. Positioning dongosolo - kotero kuti phindu amaimira numeral mu chiwerengero umboni, malingana ndi malo ake. M'magulu nepozitsionnyh, motero, palibe kudalira amenewa. Anthu analengedwa ndi machitidwe otsutsana.

Kuphunzira kachitidwe chiwerengero m'masukulu

Today phunziro "History of manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero" udzachitike mu 9 kalasi kwa mu sayansi kompyuta. Chofunika phindu lake - kuphunzira kumasulira manambala kuyambira dongosolo chiwerengero wina ndi mzake (makamaka ku decimal kuti bayinare). Komabe, mbiri ya manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero ndi mbali yofunika ya mbiri wonse ndipo ikwaniritsa komanso nkhani ya maphunziro pa sukulupo. Komanso kusintha lero kulimbikitsa njira multidisciplinary. Monga mbali ya Inde ambiri mbiri, mfundo, zikhoza kuphunzira osati mbiri ya chitukuko zachuma, kayendedwe ndiponso ndale, matabwa ndi nkhondo, komanso mmene yaing'ono mbiri ya manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero. 9 maphunziro a kalasi kompyuta Pankhaniyi angakhale mawu a manambala yomasulira ku kachitidwe kamodzi dongosolo lina kupereka chiwerengero wokulirapo wa zitsanzo chuma kale kuphunzira. Koma zitsanzo alibe chisangalalo, monga adzakhala pansipa.

Zikamera kachitidwe chiwerengero

N'zovuta kunena pamene, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, mmene anthu aphunzira kuwerenga (monga n'zosatheka kudziwa tikupeza pamene ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, mmene chinenero anayambitsa). Amadziwika yekha kuti m'mitundu yonse wakale anali dongosolo nkhani zawo, ndiye, mbiri ya manambala ndi dongosolo manambala unachokera mu nthawi dotsivilizatsionnoe. Miyala ndi mafupa sangathe kutiuza chimene chinkachitika mu mtima wa munthu, ndi magwero olembedwa anali koma analenga. Mwina bilu zofunika munthu mu Chigawo cha ulimi, kapena zambiri m'tsogolomu, mu ulimi Neolithic, mwachitsanzo, tinganene kuti ulimi, chifukwa gawo ziwembu munda. Sitingawerenge aliyense pa nkhani imeneyi kudzakuthandizani kukhala mofanana sizinatheke. Koma ena mfundo angathe kuchitidwa ndi Kuphunzira mbiri ya zinenero zosiyanasiyana.

Kuda dongosolo wakale nambala

The yabwino yoyambira ochuluka dongosolo - chitsutso cha malingaliro a "munthu" - ". Kwambiri" Chifukwa ndi koyenera kwa ife kuti mu chinenero chamakono Russian, pali mmodzi ndi zochuluka. Koma m'zinenero zambiri wakale linalinso wapawiri pofotokoza zinthu ziwiri. Izo zinali bwanji mu zinenero woyamba m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Russian wakale. Choncho, mbiri ya manambala ndi dongosolo chiwerengero anayamba ndi kulekana kwa malingaliro a "munthu", "ziwiri", "ambiri". Komabe, kachitidwe mwatsatanetsatane manambala yapangidwa mu chitukuko amakezana kudziwika kwa ife.

manambala Mesopotamiya mbiri

Ife ntchito dongosolo decimal chiwerengero. Zimenezi n'zomveka: m'manja mwa zala 10. Komabe, mbiri ya zosayembekezereka ya manambala ndi dongosolo chiwerengero wopyoza gawo kovuta. Mesopotamiya numeration dongosolo - sexagesimal. Chifukwa mpaka mu ola limodzi ndi mphindi 60, ndipo miniti - masekondi 60. Chifukwa chaka lagawidwa ndi chiwerengero cha miyezi, angapo 60, ndipo tsiku lagawidwa nambala yomweyo ya maola. Poyamba anali sundial, ndiye, aliyense wa iwo anali 1/12 masana (mu Iraq, anakhala si osiyanasiyana kwambiri). Only Patapita ambiri anayamba kudziwa nthawi ya ola si dzuwa, ndipo anawonjezera maola 12 pa usiku.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kujambula zipsera za dongosolo sexagesimal, ngati ndi decimal - panali zizindikiro ziwiri zokha (anatchula limodzi ndi khumi, osati asanu ndi limodzi kapena makumi asanu, kutanthauza khumi), manambalawo zimapezeka ndi kaphatikizidwe zizindikiro. Icho chiri choyipa ngakhale kuona anali kulemba iliyonse ambiri mu njira iyi.

Akale dongosolo chiwerengero Igupto

Ndipo nkhani ya manambala mu dongosolo decimal nambala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi angapo akusonyeza nambala chinayamba ndi Aigupto akale. Iwo anali kuphatikiza ma otchulidwa, kutanthauza chimodzi, miliyoni zana, limodzi zikwi, zikwi khumi zikwi zana, ndi mamilioni khumi, Zimenezi zikusonyeza nambala ankafuna. Chotero dongosolo zinali zambiri yabwino kuposa Mesopotamia, amene anali manambala awiri okha. Koma iye anali ndi malire zoonekeratu: zinali zovuta kuti alembe nambala kwambiri kuposa miliyoni khumi. Komabe, akale kuteteza Egypt, monga ambiri a chitukuko cha dziko wakale, manambala amenewa anakumana.

zilembo chawo mu kalembedwe masamu

Mbiri ya nzeru European, sayansi, maganizo andale, ndipo kumakhala zambiri kumayambira Ancient Hellas ( "Hellas" - wosadziletsa, ndi bwino kuti "Greece" anausankha Aroma). Yapangidwa chitukuko ichi anali kudziwa masamu. chiwerengero cha Agiriki analemba makalata. Makalata munthu ali yense angapo kuchokera 1 mpaka 9, khumi zilizonse 10 90 handiredi 100 mpaka 900. Only chikwi anatchulidwa kalata chimodzimodzi ngati amodzi, koma ndi chizindikiro osiyana pafupi kalatayo. Kachitidwe kulola manambala ngakhale wamkulu kutanthauza zolemba yochepa.

Asilavo dongosolo manambala monga wolowa wa Agiriki

Mbiri ya manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda mawu ochepa za makolo athu. Chisililiki, monga ife tikudziwira, akuchokera zilembo chawo, choncho Asilavo kanjedza yolemba dongosolo komanso chifukwa cha Agiriki. Apanso, makalata munthu aliyense kuimira angapo kuchokera 1 mpaka 9, aliyense wa khumi makalata ntchito Only si Agiriki ndi Chisililiki, kapena Glagolitsa 10 90 ndipo aliyense zana kuchokera 100 mpaka 900.. Panalinso mbali chidwi: ngakhale kuti malemba chawo pa nthawi, ndi Asilavo kuyambira chiyambi cha mbiri yawo olembedwa kuchokera kumanzere, manambala Asilavo zinalembedwa ngati kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, kuti ndi zilembo kusonyeza makumi anaika kudzanja lamanja la makalata kusonyeza wagawo, makalata kutanthauza makalata ambirimbiri kudzanja lamanja la kusonyeza makumi ndi zina zotero d..

chapamwamba zosabvuta

Asayansi Agiriki afika m'mwamba zedi. Atalanda Roma chiyani tisasokoneze maphunziro awo. Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza ndi umboni umboni, Aristarh Samossky 18 kuyambira kale kwambiri Copernicus anakamba heliocentric dongosolo la dziko. Mu kuwerengetsera onsewa zovuta asayansi Agiriki anathandiza kachitidwe kawo ka manambala kulemba.

Koma anthu wamba, monga ochita malonda, dongosolo zimavuta kwambiri: ntchito, kunali koyenera kuti kumbukirani mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva makalata 27 (mmalo mwa mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva za anthu otchulidwa 10 kuti aphunzitse ophunzira patsogolo). Chifukwa panali dongosolo chosavuta wotchedwa chapamwamba (Attica - Greece dera, pa nthawi ina anali mtsogoleri m'dera ambiri, makamaka malonda m'maderawa apanyanja, monga likulu la Attica anali wotchuka Athens). Mu dongosolo ili, makalata munthu kuti anatchulidwa yekha manambala wina, zisanu, khumi, zana, zikwi ndi zikwi khumi. A okwana zilembo zisanu ndi chimodzi - iwo ali zosavuta kukumbukira ndi zovuta kwambiri kuwerengetsera amalonda komabe umatulutsa.

mawerengero achiroma

Ndipo dongosolo la nambala, ndi mbiri za manambala a Aroma wakale, ndipo makamaka mbiri ya sayansi ndi kupitiriza mbiri chawo. Pamene dongosolo maziko chapamwamba anatengedwa, monga makalata Agiriki m'malo Latin ndipo anawonjezera osiyana lakuti makumi asanu ndi mazana asanu. Mu kuwerengetsera lamavutoli mu Mfundo asayansi anapitiriza kubala mbiri dongosolo Agiriki makalata 27 (ndipo amakamba Mfundo olembedwa chawo).

manambala Roma kujambula dongosolo sitinganene kuti wangwiro kwambiri. Makamaka, ndi zambiri wosazindikira kuposa Russian akale. Koma mbiri yakale, komabe umapulumuka pa ndime ndi Arabic (otchedwa) kanjedza. Ndipo kumbukirani dongosolo zina, si koyenera kuti adzatha ntchito. Makamaka, izi nthawi zambiri amaimira Arabic mawerengero manambala kadinala, ndi Roma - akuyambira.

Wamkulu wakale Indian Kutulukira

Ziwerengero kuti tigwiritse ntchito lero, poyamba anaonekera mu India. Sizikudziwika pamene nkhani ya manambala ndi dongosolo chiwerengero anapanga kutembenuza ameneyu, koma, osalephera, pasanafike pa V m'zaka Khristu. nthawi zambiri anatsindika kuti anali Amwenye apanga mfundo ziro. Mfundo imeneyi ankadziwika kuti masamu ndi mitundu ina, koma kwenikweni dongosolo analola Indians kuti monga mwathunthu mu kalembedwe masamu, motero mu mawerengedwe a.

Kufalitsa dongosolo India numeration Padziko Lapansi

Mwina cha m'ma IX kanjedza Indian anabwereka Aluya. Ngakhale azungu kunyoza cholowa wakale, ndi m'madera ena nthawi imodzi ngakhale mwadala kukawononga monga Aluya achikunja zikayenda wapatali Ahelene wakale ndi Aroma. Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni pa nkhondoyo wawo otentha Mabaibulo chofunika wa olemba wakale m'Chiarabu. Makamaka kudzera timapepala asayansi Arab akale azungu anapezanso cholowa cha anzeru wakale. Pamodzi ndi Mfundo awa ndi mawerengero Indian, lomwe anadziwika monga Arab mu Europe. Iwo sanali yomweyo anavomera, chifukwa anthu ambiri anali sichidziwika bwino kuposa Roma. Koma m'kupita tisaletse masamu ntchito chizindikiro awa a chigonjetso umbuli. Utsogoleri wa mayiko a ku Ulaya otukuka anatsogolera chakuti otchedwa mawerengero Arabic ambiri padziko lonse ndipo tsopano ntchito pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi.

Bayinare numeral dongosolo makompyuta zamakono

Ndi kubwera kwa makompyuta pang'onopang'ono kukhota kwambiri m'madera ambiri a akatswiri. Palibe mbiri kupatulapo manambala ndi machitidwe chiwerengero. Photos ya kompyuta woyamba amafanana kakang'ono chipangizo ano, polojekiti mukuwerenga nkhani ino, koma ntchito zonsezo zachokera bayinare kalembedwe, malamulowo wopangidwa yekha wa ziro ndi anthu. koma amakhalabe zodabwitsa kudziwa wamba kuti ndi osakaniza zilembo ziwiri basi (kwenikweni chizindikiro kapena ayi) zingabweretse kuwerengetsera zovuta ndipo basi (ngati pulogalamu lolingana) kumasulira nambala dongosolo decimal nambala kwa manambala mu bayinare, hexadecimal, shestidesyatishestirichnoy ndi dongosolo lina lililonse. Ndipo mothandizidwa chotero kachidindo bayinare pa TV zotsatirazi nkhaniyi, kumene kumasonyeza mbiri ya manambala ndi dongosolo nambala chitukuko osiyana mu mbiri.