Mitundu achinyontho ndi makhalidwe awo

Nkhaniyi tikambirana mmodzi wa formations ambiri zachilengedwe, zomwe ndi chiwembu rehumidified pansi pamwamba ndi wosanjikiza peat ndi khalidwe lapadera okha mitundu ina m'madera masamba ndinazolowera zikhalidwe za kuperewera kwa mpweya, madzi ofooka akuthamanga ndi chinyezi owonjezera.

Padzaperekedwa losiyanasiyana madambo ndi makhalidwe awo mwachidule.

zambiri

Pali 3 zinthu zofunika achinyontho:

• Redundancy ndi m'mavuto.
• Pamaso pa enieni, khalidwe kwa madambo zomera.
• Peat mapangidwe ndondomeko.

Madambo ndi zafala m'dera limene chomera mizu sangafikire nthaka mchere.

mapangidwe

Musanayambe mukudziwa, kodi mitundu ikuluikulu achinyontho, kuti tipeze momwe iwo anapanga.

Mapangidwe zigawo ngati redundancy kofunika kusunga chinyontho m'nthaka ndi padziko zace, ndi ofooka madzi kuwombola (mu T. H., Ndipo pansi). Nawonso kusowa kwa mpweya chifukwa cha chinyezi owonjezera kumalepheretsa kupeza mpweya pansi, mogwirizana ndi zomwe pali osakwanira kuwonjezeka (kapena makutidwe ndi okosijeni) zotsala za zomera akufa ndi peat aumbike. Last - nthaka gawo lapansi ndi okhutira mkulu madzi. Analemba a zomera linakwiriridwa. Yodziwika peat amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka digiri 70% zikutanthauza kuti 70 peresenti linakwiriridwa zomera akufa, ndi 30 - palibe. Mtundu wa gawo lapansi kwambiri m'njira madzi likhale, choncho palibe ndithu madzi mkulu zili (za 97% ya m'buku okwana).

Mitundu achinyontho ndi makhalidwe awo

Mwa kuphunzitsa zinthu ndi mitundu kusiyanitsa fen (mosiyana eutrophic), Transitional (mesotrophic) ndi chishalo (oligotrophic) motero kukhala concave, kuphwa ndi otukukira kunja pamwamba mosiyanasiyana.

Pansi lowland (eutrophic) akunena zithaphwi inali ku matendawa, ndi hydrated pamwamba ndi pansi madzi nthaka, wolemera mu mchere mchere. Wokwera advantageously kudyetsedwa mpweya wa mumlengalenga, omwe si olemera kwambiri salt mchere. M'madambo ndi kufupika wapakatikati gulu.

Zomera ndi kugonjetsa m'deralo, kusiyanitsa nkhalango, udzu, chitsamba ndi mitundu Moss kwa madambo. Malinga microrelief - mapiri, mosabisa, otukukira kunja. Marsh - izi ndi madambo m'madambo.

Russian dambo

Mitundu zithaphwi Russian kuganizira pansipa. Ndipo komabe - ndi zina zambiri.

Area m'madambo mu Russia pafupifupi miliyoni 1.4 lalikulu mapazi. Km (pafupifupi 10% ya padziko dziko). Malinga ndi ziwerengero akhakula, iwo ankaganiza padziko kiyubiki mamita 3000. M malo amodzi nkhokwe madzi achilengedwe.

Dambo - ziri ndithu zovuta dongosolo achilengedwe. Amakhala biotopes inakula, amene yodziwika ndi wetting amphamvu, pamaso pa mtundu wa zomera madzi kukoma ndi kudzikundikira zatsalira zosiyanasiyana organic ngati matope kapena peat. Mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana za Russian nyengo, zimachititsa chilumbachi, ndipo malingana ndi miyala zakuya azitha osiyanasiyana zithaphwi, aliyense ndi makhalidwe osiyana peat madipoziti, zinthu chakudya madzi ndiponso kuda makhalidwe zomera.

Zotsatirazi mitundu ya magetsi Russia m'madambo: m'zigwa, zomwe zili ndi Transitional.

Chikhalidwe cha mphamvu

M'mikhalidwe khalidwe la mphamvu amatanthauza zithaphwi ano padziko ndi kukhalapo kwa wosanjikiza chapamwamba gawo lapansi, ndi mmene mizu ya zomera ili. Kwa mtundu uliwonse kwa madambo basi pamwamba awa akuimira kochokera kwawo mphamvu.

Owonjezera chinyezi ndi mbali yaikulu ya m'madambo iliyonse. Izo zimayambitsa pakutchulidwa mitundu zenizeni za nyama ndi zomera, komanso zinthu zapadera achilendo humification kuti m'madera osatentha ambiri kuyambitsa zatsalira chosakwanira azingokhala zomera ndi mapangidwe peat.

Yogawa Hrs achinyontho mu Russia

zithaphwi Russian zofala pafupifupi malo achilengedwe, koma makamaka ngalande za, mopambanitsa chonyowa matendawa,. Zambiri za iwo anaikira mu malo chapakati ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa West Siberia Plain.

madambo kwambiri Russia - Titafika pamalo ndi zone nayonso. Mitundu madambo zosiyanasiyana. Waterlogging m'madera ena a Titafika pamalo ndi 50%. M'madera nayonso anaikira pafupifupi 80% ya bogs peat. Mu gawo European la Russia madambo ambiri Vologda, Leningrad Oblast ndi Republic of Karelia (40%).

Nayonso of Western Siberia pfunde mpaka 70 peresenti. A zosiyanasiyana kwambiri m'madambo ndi Far East, makamaka mu dera Amur.

Kufalitsa madambo ndi mtundu

Mitundu achinyontho Russian mwachirengedwe anagawira omangidwa. Kavalo wotanganidwa theka la malo okwana madambo aakulu, ndipo iwo amachuluka mu kumpoto. M'zigwa ndi zosakwana hafu (40%) a m'dera la m'madambo onse. m'madera ochepa wotanganidwa ndi zithaphwi kusintha (10%).

Fens, zambiri za mtsinje akudyetsedwa kapena pansi, ndipo zidzachitika makamaka m'madera otentha. Ndipo - zigwa ndi deltas a m'mitsinje ikuluikulu. Zomwe zili zithaphwi makamaka kudyetsedwa ndi mpweya, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka nayonso ndi Titafika pamalo n'kupita kwa Europe ndi ku Asia. Mbali yaikulu (84%) a m'madera peaty ili mu gawo Asian la Russia.

Ndipo zimene chimapambana dambo mtundu mu North? Fens kumadzulo Siberia ali wotanganidwa 42%. Ambiri peaty dziko (za 73%) sachoka dera gawo ndi Madzi oundana.

zomera chivundikiro

Mu fens chogwidwa ndi zomera zotsatirazi: woyera birch, alder, msondodzi, paini ndi spruce. Therere amapezeka makamaka sedges ndi mbewu monga chimanga - nzimbe ndi bango. Kuyambira ndere zambiri kukula ndere wobiriwira.

Pakuti bogs Transitional yodziwika ndi birch ndi paini (Siberia - Dahurian ndi Siberia larch, mkungudza) ndi msondodzi (pang'ono zosakwana mu fens a). Therere ndi maudzu wamba ndi chimodzimodzi mu fens, koma osati zedi lalikulu. Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kukumana Alpine trichophorum, bango, sedge ndi butylchatuyu sherstistoplodnuyu. Iwo anakumana ndi zomera khalidwe la bogs.

Atakwera moor pali paini (Siberia mkungudza wothira) ndi Dahurian larch. Chitsamba si kuno konse, koma ndi zofala malo awa gulu la Heather: Cassandra, Heather, rosemary, blueberries ndi cranberries. Pali mowirikiza kukula nyenyezi yaing'ono birch ndi Crowberry (crowberry). Common m'madera osiyanasiyana ndi umodzi mutu thonje udzu (therere), lalikulu tussock-sod. Mukhoza kupeza ndi cloudberries ndi sundew. Ndere awa akuimira kuno sphagnum.

Choncho, chikhalidwe cha peat ndi zomera n'zothekanso kuwuweruza (monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa) mtundu, zimene achinyontho.

Pomaliza, pa mavuto a zachilengedwe

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu ambiri vuto zoipa mwachibale kwa kwambiri, zowononga yokumba kwa madambo. Choyamba kuipitsa izi zonse, madzi kwambiri wambiri kuchokera m'nthaka ndi kuŵeta wa peat. Komanso, ntchito yofunika kwambiri ankaimba ndi kukhetsa ndi akulima, kuphwanya hydrology ulamuliro wa kumanga misewu, mafuta ndi gasi mapaipi ndi zina.

Ngalande achinyontho zambiri kumayambitsa ndi peat moto, Kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndi imfa zosiyanasiyana kwachilengedwenso lonse. ntchito zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala, ndi kusamala lamulo ambiri madambowa. Onetsetsani kuti adzatsatira malamulo a kuteteza bwino zachilengedwe m'chilengedwe.