Mphanga wa Rome: History, mwachidule

Osiyanasiyana Onena za Rome, analipo zaka zikwi zingapo, mzinda kwambiri wosamvetsetseka Italy, amene adza moyo tsamba mbiri buku. Inasinthira zaka zambiri likulu, kumene mogwirizana chikugwirizana ndi m'mbuyomu, panopa ndi m'tsogolo, n'zosadabwitsa chachikulu chiwerengero cha zinthu wapadera, kulipangitsa kukhala weniweni pabwalo owonetsera zakale. Mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cholowa cha City Wamuyaya alipo alendo kupanga ulendo chidwi mu kutali kale, ndipo kudziwana ndi ngale ya Italy, anapitiriza tiakachisi Mkhristu.

Catacombe di Roma

Osati amwendamnjira Orthodox okha, komanso kwa alendo onse ofunitsitsa kupeza zinthu zatsopano ndi losadziwika, misewu zimalambira mphanga mobisa wa Rome, ndi maukonde kwambiri kulondola njira popanda kusochera wa tufa, malinga n'zimene stamped ndi niches kwa maliro. Mipikisano mlingo gallery, encircling danga pansi likulu la dziko, anaonekera mu Chikristu chisanayambe. Mumadziwika achikunja Saracen ndi mphanga Chiyuda, ndi asayansi apeza zoposa 60 labyrinths mobisa ndi za 750 zikwi crypts.

Ambiri a iwo anaonekera mu nyengo woyambirira wachikhristu, ndi zomera woyamba kwambiri unakhazikitsidwa mu 107 AD. Apostol Petr ndi ophunzira ake anapeza zotsatirazi okhulupirika mwa anthu a strata osiyana siyana. Akhristu woyamba wa Rome nthawi zambiri kuzunzidwa kuyambira Mfumu inalamula kuti iye yekha anavomereza Mulungu, ndipo otsatira zipembedzo latsopano mbodzi ndi Khristu yekha.

Mphanga anafuna maliro

Poyamba, panali maganizo mu mphanga ya Rome anabisalamo anthu ozunzidwa asilikali mfumu, koma si: mu labyrinths mobisa, kumene kuli zonse mdima, palibe ndi imodzi yomwe, chifukwa sangathe. Anakumana mkwiyo wa olamulira Akhristu ntchito manda a okondedwa awo mosiyana amitundu anasiya quarries kapena umwini wapadera wa Aroma, kulandira chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Otetezeka, iwo anakumba ngalande mu tuff ndi kukuza makonde alipo, kupanga yocheza kulondola njira popanda kusochera kutalika kwa mamita 2.5 mpaka 5. Mountain porous thanthwe zofewa kwambiri, mosavuta anayamba kugwa, ndipo n'zosavuta kukumba ochiritsira fosholo kapena pickaxe dongosolo lonse kusintha.

A mfundo zingapo zokhudza kuikidwa mu tambirimbiri

Pa mbali zonse za makonde Akhristu anagogoda pa niches makoma zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo (loculi) imene kuika mtembo. Ndiye mtundu wa manda wokhala ndi mpanda ndi slabs mwala. Akufa anzake kuchapa adzoze zonunkhira, monga Akhristu alibe thupi thupi, atakulungidwa mu cophimba ndipo anaikidwa kagawo kakang'ono ndende, kutseka ndi njerwa kapena mbale amene anali lalembedwa dzina la wakufayo ndi laconic epitaph. Nthawi zambiri kumanga khoma nyali.

M'kati mwa makonde yopapatiza losema zigawo zingapo mpaka mamita asanu. Makonde mobisa analaswa kubikuly - zipinda zam'mbali amene anali banja anawasema kapena manda a apapa ndi ofera.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anthu amene anakumba ngalande, ndipo kenako zili labyrinths mu chikhalidwe zogwira mtima, wotchedwa fossorami komanso kuwatsogolera mu ulamuliro, n'kuika mabishopu. mapanga ambiri ali ndi mayina iwo, monga mphanga ya Callistus ku Roma, dzina lake archdeacon wa Callistus, amene anadzakhala Pontifi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma IV, pamene Chikhristu anatsimikizidwa chipembedzo, kuzunzidwa okhulupirira asiya, ndi mayenje a mdima anakumba mwa iwo, anazindikira ngati manda boma.

Inayambira mayenje a mdima aiwala

Mphanga wa Rome ankaziona ngati mwambo wofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa likulu, koma pambuyo kulondola njira popanda kusochera zaka kubwera mu bwinja, chifukwa salinso ntchito kumanda a akufa. M'kaidi, amene anatembenuka m'malo opatulika a ofera, masauzande ambiri ankabwera. Koma posakhalitsa mwa chifuniro mphamvu za mabishopu Chiroma yotengedwa ndi kunditumiza ku akachisi mzinda.

Mosatsata zotsalira za oyera akulemekezedwa, tambirimbiri anaiwala mpaka 1578, pamene udzayamba kumanga njira kudzera Salaria ndipo anapeza manda choyamba. Choncho mphanga ya Priscilla anapezeka - ndi apamwamba, anachokera ku banja lachifumu, ndipo amalemekezedwa komanso anali kwambiri m'dziko, amene panali mobisa m'manda.

Phunziro zikuluzikulu za mphanga za Oyera ku Roma chikuchitika mu m'ma XIX, ndi zopereka yaikulu kafukufuku wawo kumathandiza Reiman Russian wojambula amene walemba za makope zana la frescoes zisungidwe pa makoma tambirimbiri. Kuyambira 1929 likayamba kutolera ndi kufufuza zinthu kusungidwa una wa lapansi.

Catacombe di Priscilla

Mkhristu ndende dongosolo ndi yaikulu koposa zonse, ndi wamkulu wa iwo bwino anasunga mphanga ya Priscilla, yemwe anakhala kutengeka kwenikweni. Anasonyeza dongosolo wapadera luso lakalekale: murals ndi zithunzi zithunzi Chakale ndi Chipangano Chatsopano, murals zokongola, ndi mbali yaikulu yomwe ndi Mbusa Wabwino - chizindikiro cha Yesu Khristu. A kukopa yaikulu ya mphanga Chiroma ndi chipinda chaching'ono ndi zolembedwa m'Chigiriki, amene anaika mabenchi chakudya maliro (Cappella Greca).

Kuliganizira imagwiridwa ndi asayansi m'zaka II ndi mural owala, chimene chimafotokoza mkazi wowala kavalidwe kapezi chophimba kuwala. Ichi ndi chithunzi wamkulu wa woyera kupemphera.

Kulowa ndikuyenda mobisa ili pa adiresi: Via Salaria, 430, akhoza kuwerengedwa ndi mabasi 86 kapena 92. Iwo ayenera potsikira pa Piazza Crati, nanditsate zizindikiro zaikidwa kudzera Priscilla. Pezani ndende zonse zimatheka pamene gawo la ulendo.

Catacombe di San Callisto

Komabe, kumanda waukulu Mkhristu ankaona mphanga ya St. Callistus ku Rome, anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma II. Anatambasula makilomita 12 pa njira Apiyo, iwo akuimilira zinayi mlingo kukhotakhota, imene tingati ndi "mzinda wa akufa" chifukwa pali ena misewu, polumikizana, ndipo ngakhale malo. The ngalande, amene kuphatikiza manda a nthawi zosiyana za nthawi, ndi ofukula tsopano ntchito, ndipo si onse m'manda ndi lotseguka kwa alendo. Kwa kale pano tinapeza komaliza malo okhalamo a ofera 50 ndi 16 mapapa, ndipo amatchedwa chipilala yaikulu ya mphanga la manda Mkhristu.

Kumanda wotchuka kwambiri ndi manda a St. Cecilia (Santa Cecilia), kumene mwangwiro anasunga murals ndi Zithunzi. Mu lalikulu ndi dzina la "Little Vatican" bodza kutsogolera mpingo wa Chiroma papa ofera woyera.

Mobisa manda, amene ankachita nawo pomanga Diakon Kallist, ankaona mphanga wotchuka wa Rome. Momwe kuti Catacombe di San Callisto, yomwe ili pa adiresi: Via Appia Antica, 110/126? City mabasi owerengedwa 118 (kuchoka akuyenera kuima dzina yomweyo) kapena 218 (mapeto kufika njira Fosse Ardeatine) dovezut kuti odziwika m'mbiri.

Catacombe di San Sebastiano

The Kufikika kwambiri tambirimbiri onse mobisa zinayi mlingo mphanga ya Saint Sebastian. Ili pa adiresi: Via Appia Antica, 136, iwo anapulumuka zikuipiraipirabe kuposa ena. Kamodzi mu ndikuyenda achikunja m'manda okondedwa awo, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma II necropolis amakhala wodzipereka Mkhristu. Saint Sebastian, amene anatsutsa Mfumu Diocletian, anafa m'chaka 298, ndipo pambuyo m'manda a mtembo wake Dzina limeneli panopa kale mphanga akamuuze wa Rome.

Kodi kulowa una wa wapadera, amene kamodzi misonkhano chipembedzo mu masiku a kuzunza Akristu? Kodi ndifike kwa iwo pa mabasi mzinda owerengedwa 118 218, ndipo kuchoka pa siteji ayenera Cecilia Metella.

Wokongola alendo mobisa manda

Alendo amene anapita ngalande, kuvomereza kuti n'zovuta kufotokoza lonse osiyanasiyana mtima ataona tombstones ndi anaonekera zaka zambiri zapitazo.

Wachisoni anathawira makonde, amene nthawi zonse chete, zimabweretsa maganizo a imfa ili pafupi, koma kulondola njira popanda kusochera mwachinsinsi kuti kusunga zinsinsi zambiri, komabe amakopa alendo amene amakonda chidwi. The pristine modernity mphanga ku Roma iliyonse kukhudza kutali oyambirira nthawi Mkhristu.