Mu chaka chimene anagulitsidwa Alaska ku America? mbiri Alaska

Mbiri ya malonda a Alaska komabe ambiri amaona mmodzi wa wotuluka kwambiri chachinsinsi Russian. Ena amakhulupirira kuti dziko anagulitsa akadali Mfumukazi Catherine II. Ena amakhulupirira kuti si anagulitsidwa kwa Alaska USA, ndipo anapatsidwa ndi Watsimikiza nyumba regal kwa zaka nainte-naini. Kuthera, koma dziko Russian ndi sanabwerere. Ngati kale mu nthawi ya Soviet Union mlembi wamkulu Brezhnev sanafune ndikubweza izo.

Koma ngati mukukumbukira zimene chaka anagulitsa Alaska ku America, zikuonekeratu kuti Catherine imeneyi sikuthandiza. Iye analamulira Russia nthawi imeneyi Mfumu Alexander II. Ndipo anaichita mu zochitika za ntchito yofunika kuti munthu limanena kuti olamulira ena. tsar Izi Chirasha mlandu kuti pafupifupi anapereka gawo yaikulu. Koma mmene zinthu zinali kwenikweni monga mtundu wa Kupititsa makona anapanga Alaska-Russia-US, mkulu mbiri pali Baibulo limodzi lokha, ena mfundo za amene adakali sakudziwika kwa ambiri.

madera

Ngakhale mwana wa sukulu amadziwa kuti chilumba - ozizira ndi nkhanza dziko, kumene kuli kozizira ndi subarctic nyengo mabacteria. nyengo nkhanza ndi mphepo ndi blizzards chisanu m'mphepete mwa anagwetsa - ponseponse. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: chakwanira chabe kuyerekeza ali Alaska. Yekha ndi mbali yaing'ono ya Pacific gombe, komwe nyengo wofatsa ndi n'koyenera moyo. Zikuphatikizapo Alaska kumtunda kwa North America mpaka kumalire ndi Canada. Komanso, kumaphatikizapo Aleutians, ndi nkhandwe, Utatu ndi Alexander Archipelago Islands. Komanso chilumba ichi ndi Mzere yopapatiza m'dziko zikuyenda pa Pacific gombe, chikugwirizana ndi Khwalala Dixon Polowera. Ndi apa, ndipo ndi imodzi mwa mitu kwambiri choyambirira dziko - a Juneau.

Alaska - Russia

US otchedwa m'dera lino osati monga "Russian America." Mu theka lachiwiri la chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu amalonda m'ma ubweya anayamba kuonetsa chidwi mu Alaska. Kale mu zaka zao za sikisite oyambirira pano pa Unalaska Island, anakhazikitsa m'mudzi Russian ndipo, ndithudi, doko kudzera umene ncho malonda tsitsi. Mu 1784 wamalonda ndi wofufuza Grigory Shelikhov pa chilungamo anakonza ulendo m'deralo, imene chilumba cha Kodiak anamanga Pamudzi.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma ife kuno ku panyanja European amene anayesa kulengeza ulamuliro Spanish pa zinthu zina Alaska. Komabe, palibe zotsatira si akwaniritsa. Ndipo lero za iwo m'madera awa amafanana ochepa omwe si mbadwa maina Hrs, monga Port Valdez.

Shelikhov chimodzimodzi zaka zingapo zitatha iye anayambitsa gulu la makampani malonda pa chitukuko cha Alaska, chilengedwe imene ankaganiza ndi mtundu wa British East India. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1799 ndipo mutu wake woyamba wa kumene anakhala Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, amene kuyambira Mipingo mochedwa ankaimira industrialists Russian mu America. Iye ndiye anayambitsa midzi angapo mu Alaska, kuphatikizapo Sitka zamakono, zomwe otchedwa mzinda wa Angelo.

ntchito za kampani monga gulu anali ndi chikhalidwe wapawiri. Pa dzanja limodzi, iye ankachita nawo zolusa nsomba ubweya, koma pa nthawi yomweyo chinathandiza chitukuko m'madera ena a ulimi olimapo ndi ulimi nyama. Chiyambireni cha mazana asanu ntchitoyi complicating kulimbana ndi amalonda American ndi British amene zida m'deralo anthu Aaborijini nkhondo Russian.

Mu 1824, Russia zinasaina mndandanda wa mapangano ndi maboma a US ndi England. Mapale pa mlingo dziko amasonyeza malire a chuma Russian mu North America. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, pamene Alaska anakhala American, zinali zosakwana zinayi ndi theka zaka zambiri.

vuto

Mu 1861, chaka Russia, monga ife tikudziwira, chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Kulipira malipiro kwa landlords awo, komanso kulipira ndalama za kampani, Mfumu Alexander II anakakamizika mu 1862 kubwereka ku Rothschild faifi peresenti pa annum mapaundi miliyoni khumi. Komabe, magnates ndalama Mosakhalitsa chinachake kuti abwerere, ndi mosungiramo lachifumu kanthu.

Woyambirira ikulimbikitsa yokhudza kugulitsa, koma kujowina Alaska ku America, ananena N. Muravyov-Amur - ndi wolamulira wamkulu wa kum'mawa Siberia. Izo zinachitika mu 1853, chaka. Malinga ndi iye, kuchita inali chabe mosalephera. Koma ndiye kuti iye anamvera. Ndipo patapita zaka zinayi, Grand Duke Constantine - ndi mng'ono wa Mfumu - Alexander anapereka "chilichonse zosafunika" kugulitsa. Chinthu zosafunika anaonekera m'mayiko unexplored kumpoto kuti Russian, sikuti katswiri.

The kwambiri mfundo za kupatuka, monga momwe mbiri ya zogulitsa Russian wa Alaska lero amaona ambiri mu njira yake. Koma m'masiku amenewo anali ndi zifukwa zambiri kuposa zoonekeratu: m'dera lalikulu sanayambe anabweretsa Russian ndalama yapadera ndipo otters nyanja, mikango nyanja ndi eni ena a tsitsi wapatali, umene panthawi imeneyo anali kufunika pa dziko msika, ku mbali yaikulu kale anapha industrialists. Nthawi zambiri, njuchi kwakukulukulu anapulumuka kokha chifukwa yobweretsa lalikulu ayezi mu mzinda wa California. Pitirizani m'dera achisanu a midzi ya asilikali ankhondo ndi akuluakulu ntchito kuno kukhala pansi yaikulu, zinalibe kanthu chomwe. Russia, posachedwapa anapulumuka Crimea nkhondo, anali ndi mavuto a ndalama, kugonjetsedwa ndi.

prehistory

Mwachibadwa, mbiri kufala America Alaska ali wotsogolera ake Komanso, monga sitepe zolinga ena ndipo anali ndi zifukwa zomveka. Amadziwika kuti m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, dziko uku kwabweletsa revenues kwambiri chifukwa cha malonda ubweya, koma ndi zaka zao za sikisite za m'ma chomwecho zinaonekeratu kuti ndalama zina adzakhala kwambiri lalikulu kuposa kuchuluka phindu angathe. Nthawi zonse kuti anakhala yekha pa zili banal m'gawo lino, komanso kuteteza izo, ndipo ngati inu kumbukirani, pamene Alaska pa mapu, inu mukhoza kulingalira chomwe kwambiri ndalama zonsezi kuti mtengo zinatha Russian Ufumu.

prerequisites

Mbiri boma la malonda a Russian Alaska, ananena kuti mwa maganizodwe a tagwirizana unachokera kwa odziwika bwino Russian nthumwi Eduarda Steklya. Koma zokambirana anayamba ndendende nthawi imene UK anakhala kukapereka zonena zawo kokalalikira.

Ndipo icho chinali chifukwa china chimene Russia wakhala opindulitsa kwambiri kuchotsa kudziko la kumpoto.

Funso ngati anagulitsa Alaska ku America, Russia, lero zambiri mikangano mu chaka chomwe. Ena angaitchule 1866-TH, ena - 1867-TH. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zonse za masiku amenewa akufanana ndi zenizeni.

zokambirana chinsinsi

Pamanja tsiku la December 1866, mu overcast tsiku lolunda yozizira Mfumu Alexander II otchedwa msonkhano. Iwo anali nawo m'bale wake Prince Constantine, atumiki a m'madipatimenti m'madzi komanso zachuma, komanso Baron Edouard Stoeckl - kazembe Russia ku Washington. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti ganizo la gulu zogulitsa anali ovomerezeka komanso amapereka. Ndipotu, kuyambira kuti anayamba inalowa ya Alaska ku United States. Poyamba anadikira lotha maudindo Russian-American kampani, ndiye - American Civil nkhondo. Komabe, chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu March 1867, chaka pulezidenti American Johnson pambuyo kuganizira kwambiri potsiriza zinasaina lamulo pa kulanda mphamvu zapadera kuti William Seward. Malinga ndi maganizo a Nduna ya Finance wakhazikitsidwa ndi osachepera pakhomo mtengo wa Alaska: rubles miliyoni asanu. Patapita mlungu umodzi, ndi Russian Mfumu, kukhazikitsa malire a boma, Stoeckl anatumizidwa ku America pa pempho boma kuti Mlembi wa State Seward. Pambuyo pake, monga yomweyo anayamba kukambirana chichitike, imene kunali kotheka kuti ligwirizane za pangano kugula Alaska ndi boma Russian madola mamiliyoni asanu.

The United States ndi tsarist Russia

Ndi chiyambi cha ndondomeko zogulitsa ubale Russia ndi United States pachimake. Ngakhale US mobwerezabwereza anatsindika pa Crimea nkhondo, ngati nkhondo malire kukodzedwa, iwo sadzatenga malo odana Russian. Akufuna kugulitsa Alaska unachitikira mobisa kwambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa nthawi imeneyo kale mlingo wokwanira wa mfundo yachilendo nzeru kumayiko chachitatu si zinawukhira. The London "Times" analemba nkhawa kwambiri za chisoni chachinsinsi mgwirizano, kuwuka pakati pa US ndi Russia. The kuti ndalama operekedwa mayiko amenewa kumpoto, mu nthawi yaifupi kuti kwakhululukidwa, monga kuphatikiza njira kwa ndikupeleka izi ndipo sangalankhule, inu basi kulingalira pamene Alaska pa mapu.

Kukwiya Britain analungamitsidwa: 1867 mgwirizano chaka, osati kokha mayiko awiriwa anansi yomweyo, komanso zathandiza kuti ku America kuchokera kumbali zonse yozungulira katundu British kumpoto. Chikalatacho nkhuni moto ndi kunena Uelbridzha American ambiri pa chakudya gulu polemekeza nthumwi Russian. tanthauzo linali ili: m'dzikoli pali awiri kwambiri kwa dziko lapansi, Western ndi kum'mawa, ndi munthu ayenera kutchula United States, ndipo chachiwiri - Russia. Mwachibadwa, anali chabe woonda zamtendere masewera a mawu, koma mfundo ndi yakuti Russian kwambiri anathandiza America okwera awo.

kutengerapo mwachindunji

Kusainirana pangano panali thirtieth wa March 1867, chaka Washington. Iye usilikali ku French ndi English, komwe panthawiyo chinali chilankhulidwe cha zokambirana. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti palibe lemba nduna Russian chabe kulibe. Mu mawu a pangano, kuti America ankawoloka Alaska Peninsula zonse, komanso Mzere m'lifupi mwa nyanja ndi mtunda khumi kum'mwera.

The Senate US, ngakhale sankakhulupirira nzeru yogula chotero, koma ambiri a anthu ake amapereka zambiri.

Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu October 1867 Alaska wakhala mwalamulo kukaperekedwa kwa America. Kumbali Russian anasaina A. A. Peschurov pansi protocol pa kulanda dera - ndi Commissioner wapadera boma, mkulu wa udindo wachiwiri. N'zochititsa chidwi, koma lero kunachitika ndi kalendala ya Gregory. Choncho Alaskans Rute wa chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu cha October, ngakhale anakhala ali pamwamba wachisanu wa October. Choncho ngati nkhani yoti, kodi chaka anagulitsa Alaska ku America, yankho ndi zomveka kuti tsiku la kusaina mgwirizano sitinganene.

zongoganiza

Chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu October 1867, chaka pa hafu pasiti zitatu masana zinachitika kusintha mbendera pa flagpole inali kutsogolo kwa nyumba ya mkulu wa Alaska. Russian ndi American asilikali alimbane mu mzere, ndi chizindikiro kwa munthu sanali analamula kapitawo ku mbali anayamba mbendera pang'ono anakulira masiku a Russian-American kampeni kuchepetsa. Mwambo zinachitika mu chikhalidwe cha chofunika kwambiri Komabe, mpaka mbendera ndi opiringizidwa pamwamba zingwe, kodi si chifukwa breakage zojambulajambula.

Ndi dongosolo la munthu amalinyero angapo anathamangira ku phiri, kuyesa kudziŵa nsalu, otsala a mbendera kuti Anapachikidwa mu tatters pa mlongoti wa. Koma palibe amene anazindikira mfuu pansi yapamadzi, dolezshemu choyamba pamaso pake, kotero iye sanafooke mbendera pansi, ndi misozi akanatero naye. Ndipo pamene pamwamba pa ilo linagwa, mbendera unagwa pa bayonets Russian. Zachinsinsi nkhani imeneyi zikanakhala ngati chizindikiro, koma nthawi palibe amene anachitika kuganizira izo. Nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya kulanda Alaska America wokuta ndi zikwi za nthano, koma ambiri a iwo sali owona.

Galasi ndi ntchito yake

A mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kugulitsa Alaska ankaimba nthumwi galasi. Kuyambira 1850 iye anali kuyang'anira d'Affaires wa Russian ofesi ya kazembe ku US, ndipo kuyambira 1854, chaka umasamutsidwa ku malo a kazembe Russian. Stoeckl mkazi anali American, motero ndithu Integrated mu mabwalo apamwamba a anthu a ku America. Chotero ojambula yaikulu anamuthandiza iwo chinathandiza kukhazikitsa ndikupeleka. Russian nthumwi mwachangu modutsa zofuna za Mfumu Russian. Pofuna kukakamiza Senate chigamulo kugula Alaska Stoeckl anapereka ziphuphu, kugwiritsa ntchito kugwirizana. Alexander II anamuika mphotho ya madola twente-faifi sauzande, komanso moyo penshioni ya rubles zikwi zisanu.

Edward A. yomweyo pambuyo kugulitsa Alaska kubwera kwa St. Petersburg kwa kanthawi kochepa, koma posachedwapa anasamukira ku Paris. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake nthumwi mwa anthu Russian, komabe izo, nawonso. Pambuyo mbiri ya Alaska lili kumbuyo galasi kudziwika. Ndipo awa anali ndi zifukwa zawo.

ndalama ali kuti?

mamiliyoni asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu madola zikwi - kuti ndi zingati yatsala poyamba anavomera miliyoni 7.2 Eduard Stoeckl analandira cheke, kusiya nokha mphotho, pafupi ndi zikwi makumi asanu kutumizidwa monga ziphuphu senators amene anakuvoterani ratification, ndi otsala a ndalama anasamutsidwa ndi banki kusamukira London. ku St. Petersburg mwa nyanja anayamba anagulidwa kuchuluka lonse la bullion golide. Ena mbali ya malipiro chinatayika, ndipo pamene anatembenukira kwa mapaundi ndi golide. Koma sizinali imfa lotsiriza la Russia.

Waukulu funso mbiri ngati, zimene chaka anagulitsa Alaska ku America, ndipo kuti zimene zinachitikira anapeza kuchokera ndikupeleka ndalama.

Makungwa Orkney, pa bolodi imene yaitali boma Russian kwa katundu ndi, anamiza tsiku chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi cha July kale pa njira St. Petersburg mu 1868, chaka. Iwo akadali osadziwika kaya golidi, kapena sanali kusiya Albion. Komanso, inshuwalansi kampani ananena yokha kwathunthu dipo la tchimo, choncho kuwononga kwa Russian wowirikiza pang'ono chabe. Analephera kulipira ngongole kwa Rothschilds, koma chidutswa malo aakulu tsarist Russia koma anataya.

Zolakwa ndi nkhambakamwa

Mbiri ya zogulitsa Russian wa Alaska kumachokerabe onse a maganizo ndi mphekesera. Kuyambira zokambirana inkachitikira mu mobisa lotsatira, kusaina mgwirizano yaitali obisika. Ndipo basi chaka chotsatira mu "Buku Lapachaka akazembe" linasindikizidwa mu Convention French. Izi mobisa ndi spawned nkhambakamwa mu malo oyamba amene anapambana United States mu Alaska pangano kwa zaka nainte-naini, ndipo pambuyo nthawi iyi Mudzabwezedwa kwa Russia kachiwiri. Izi Baibulo olakwika moti n'zofunika kuti pamene nthawi imeneyi watha ntchito, mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza anayamba kuwomba lamulo kusamutsa izo mmbuyo. Koma, mwatsoka, iyo inali chabe kulakwitsa. Alaska si lendi kunja, ndipo malo anu mpaka kalekale.

mfundo

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti United States pa zaka ziwiri zapitazi mwachangu kuchuluka m'gawo lake. Ochepa mukudziwa kuti madola mu 1803 America mu France kwa miliyoni khumi anagula Louisiana, pang'ono kenako kwa Uwerenge katatu zosakwana izo zinali pa Spain chomwecho bwinobwino anapeza Florida. Kale khumi zaka zingapo, mu 1818, chaka chigawo cha "cholowa" ku United States ku Mexico anadutsa mbali yaikulu ya gawo.

No zochepa chidwi ndi chakuti wina boma boma Alaska linayamba mu 1959 osati 1867, pamene anagulitsa.