The codification la malamulo a Russian Ufumu pansi Nicholas 1: tsiku, ndi

Codification la chilamulo Russian pansi Nicholas ndinayamba 1826. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthawi yaitali ntchito ambiri maloya kwakonzedweratu ndi Code, womwenso zinthu zonse ndi malamulo mu mphamvu m'gawo la ufumuwo. Izi mndandanda wa malamulo ndi ntchito ndi mafotokozedwe zinasindikizidwa mu 1833.

Vuto la malamulo osavuta

Ndi nthawi ya inalowa mpando wachifumu Nicholas Ine codification ya malamulo ndi limodzi mwa mavuto ambiri ofunika zinayang'ana boma la Russia. vuto kugona chakuti kwa zaka zambiri mu dziko panali anawasema latsopano zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo ndi malamulo zina akutsutsana. Codification kunali koyenera kuti dongosolo malamulo kuwalowetsa limodzi kuti mwachilengedwe.

Kuti vuto limeneli ndinatengedwa akalambula zambiri Nicholas Ine, kuphatikizapo agogo ake Ekaterina Velikaya ndi mchimwene Alexander I. The bwanamkubwa ananyamula codification ya kumanja pambuyo anaonekera yekha pa mpando wachifumu. Nicholas anayamba kulamulira pa maziko a kugalukira Decembrist, anakonza ndi mbali ya kusintha kwa ndale mu dziko. Nikolai moyo wawo wonse zochita, kuyang'ana mmbuyo pa zochitika za 1825. Kwa iye, codification la chilamulo chinali chimodzi mwa njira kulimbikitsa dongosolo boma.

The inefficiency ya malamulo

zida zimene imperious anali osamveka ndi lomwa zotsalira za m'mbuyomu, aliyense si chinsinsi. Nthawi zambiri ntchito ya ziwalo zosiyana kapena akuluakulu anatsutsana wina ndi mnzake chifukwa cha munakhazikitsa malamulo ndi tizibowo malamulo malamulo ntchito zawo. Komanso, izi ndi zinthu nthenda wakhala pansi lopatsa kukula ziphuphu.

Codification malamulo anapatsidwa Mihailu Speranskomu. Kwa nthawi yaitali, anakumana ndi Alexander I ndipo anali woyambitsa ambiri mwa ntchito zake mwaufulu kusintha. Madzulo a Nkhondo ya 1812 Speransky anali manyazi ndipo anali mu ndende aulemu. Tsopano Nicholas ndidatsikira naye ku tithe, poganizira kuti adzionere bwino kwambiri wokonzanso lapansi. Speranski pomwepo anakhala mfumu kutumiza memos, yomwe ikufotokoza ntchito za mabungwewa yapita kusanduliza malamulo ndi kukonza zoti codification m'tsogolo.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthambi yachiwiri

Nicholas Ine anavomereza lingaliro Mihaila Speranskogo. Mu April 1826, makamaka ntchito pa kusanthula malamulo anali kulenga nthambi yachiwiri ya mfumu Chancellery. Pamaso thupi latsopano anali ndi cholinga bwino - kulenga malamulo a Russian Ufumu. Codification makamu akonzi ambiri. Iwo anapatsidwa zinthu zonse zofunikira. Maloya amayenera kuzifufuza ndi misa yaikulu kwambiri zikalata. Speransky ndi atumiki ake anasangalala zipatso za ntchito ya Commission kale zopanga malamulo nthawi ya Alexander Ine, sakadakhala nalo nthawi kumaliza ntchito yake.

Mu gawo lachiwiri anayamba kugwira maloya, jurists, azambiriyakale, statisticians ndi mayiko zofunika. Nawa chabe tsankho mndandanda wa mayina: .. Konstantin Arsenyev, Valerian Klokov Peter Havsky wotchedwa Dmitry Zamyatin, wotchedwa Dmitry Eristov Alexander Kunitsyn, etc. onse a anthu awa ndi kwa anthu ophunzira a dziko. Iwo anali bwino minda yawo, ndi ntchito pamodzi, anatha kuchita zimaoneka zovuta. The codification malamulo pamaso ankaona tingaganize. Wokwanira kuti kuti akatswiri anayenera monga mu pafupi zolembedwa chibwenzi kumbuyo m'ma XVII, ndipo likugwirabe m'gawo la Russia.

Kutolere zikalata

mapepala choyambirira kusungidwa mu yachokera osiyana anamwazikana kudutsa dziko. Zikalata anali kuyang'ana nyumba ya mabungwe anathetsa. Matupi amenewa anali .. College of Affairs okhonda, Dipatimenti ya Patrimonial, anatseka malamulo, etc. The codification la chilamulo Russian anali kumva chifukwa chakuti akadali panalibe kaundula umodzi umene akhoza kutsimikizika pa drafters wa Code. Nthambi chachiwiri chinalinso kumumanganso kuchokera zikande poganizira Moscow, ndi Senate ndi yachokera othandiza. Pamene kaundula wakonzeka, kunapezeka kuti iye ali zochita oposa 53 zikwi anatengera mu zaka zosiyana.

Mu St. Petersburg adamfunsa mabuku kawirikawiri akhoza kupeza mundako mu masabata. The codification la malamulo a Russian Ufumu anali akadali Baibulo la lembalo. Akatswiri poyerekeza nambala ya Mabaibulo, kusanthula magwero akale, kufufuzidwa iwo zoti apanga, namdula ku m'kaundula. zochita zambiri makamaka overlapped, ngakhale iwo akhoza kumwedwa pa nthawi yosiyana ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Zikatero, monga ulamuliro, anadalira pa chikalata ina, kusiya kwa asilikali a Code.

Analysis zokhudza mbiri yakale

Poyambira nthambi wachiwiri anali Conciliar code, anatengera mu 1649 pansi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Maloya nawo malamulo a chopereka ndi malamulo onse wotsatira. Panali ngakhale zimafika ndi zikalata anafooka (monga alumikiza kwa Collection Complete). Pankhaniyi, ntchito yapadera ankachita nawo kufanana ndi kusanthula nkhani kupulumuka, chibwenzi pamaso 1649. Iwo zinatuluka payokha ngati buku palokha amatchedwa "Machitidwe a mbiri."

The codification malamulo pansi Nicholas 1 kunachitika mu njira zotsatirazi. Anayenda malo ena (mwachitsanzo, yapachiweniweni). Iwo paokhapaokha. Pankhaniyi, lamulo lomwelo yapachiweniweni kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo zakale. Adziwerenga ndi systematization kwa ndondomekoyi, ngakhale kunali kovuta. Zimakhala zopweteka inali ntchito za lamulo chigawenga. Review wa chitukuko mbiri miyezi ingapo. Mu July 1827 chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi anali ngati "cholembera mayeso" operekedwa ndi mfumu. Iye anasangalala. The codification malamulo pansi Nicholas 1 zinachitika pang'ono ndi pang'ono.

Malamulo a kukafola ndi Code

Kukonza nthambi chachiwiri, Mikhail Speransky anaganiza kuti pachiswe, ndi kumanga awonera m'mbuyomo lonse m'magulu ofanana. Search kwa nthawi yaitali analibe. malangizo amene asankhidwa buku mfundo ndi Francis Bacon. Izi nzeru zapamwamba English kuphunzira chiphunzitso malamulo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII ndipo anasiya chuma cholowa buku. Chodalira mfundo zake, Mikhail Speransky kukonza malamulo ochepa, amene anadzakhala kachidindo analemba za malamulo Russian.

Kwaletsedwa kubwerezabwereza. motalika kwambiri, mawu a malamulo a anali kusanduka, pamene gawo lachiwiri sankandilola kukhudza zomwenso awo. Ichi chidachitika m'tsogolo wosalira ntchito mabungwe boma, makhoti, ndi zina zotero. Malamulo D. anagawira pa nzika za lamulo, kenako iwo anali kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a nkhani, amene anagwa mu m'chipinda chotetezeka cha. Mu kope chomaliza cha chidutswa chilichonse chili ndi nambala yake. munthu, amene ankasangalala REDD, kodi mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta kupeza mchitidwe yoyenera. Ndi izi ndi ankalalikira Nikolai 1. The codification ya malamulo Mwachidule, ndi limodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri za ulamuliro wake. kukonzekera kuyambirira a Code la yatha.

Phindu la ntchito za Speransky

Tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti palibe Speranskii sakadaifika wopereka codification la malamulo a Russian Ufumu. Analamula ntchito onse, anapereka malangizo atumiki mavuto analola ndipo potsiriza anakauza mfumu pa zomwe nthambi yachiwiri. Mikhail Speransky anali wapampando wa ntchito kwathunthu kuti kusanthula ndi rechecked drafts buku tsogolo. Zinali khama lake ndi mphamvu analola kulimbana ndi ntchito yaikulu ndi msanga.

Komabe, panali zifukwa codification la malamulo a Russian Ufumu pansi Nicholas 1 anachedwa. Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti ntchito nthawi zambiri anabwereranso ku mabuku a kuzipenya kafukufuku. Speransky mwini yekha lililonse mzere mu mabuku 15 a Code. Pa drafts, iye sanali, iye ndemanga zawo. Choncho ntchitoyi angathamange pakati oyambitsa ndi Commission kangapo, mpaka, potsiriza, zilibe pogaya kuwala.

Kumasulira malamulo lotha

Malinga ndi zofunika kuti zimayikidwa patsogolo Nikolai 1, codification ya malamulo sinali chabe makina ntchito kulilembanso chikalatacho. zochita wakhala nthawi yaitali ndipo ulozhenija analemba pa akulu buku la chinenero cha Chirasha. Drafters wa Code anali kuchotsa formulations ndiponso kulemba iwo kachiwiri. Zinali zedi ntchito pa kumasulira lamulo. Malamulo yapita ndi mfundo ayenera anasamukira ku zinthu ofala Russian chenicheni cha m'ma XIX.

Lililonse lamulo anali limodzi ndi gulu la zolemba ndi maumboni wambili. Choncho Nkhani amakhala zomveka, ndipo owerenga akhoza Zinatsimikizira kuona kwake kwa malamulo pa chifuniro. Makamaka kwambiri mfundo ndi kuwonjezapo anali kuchita wakale anaonekera mu zaka XVII-XVIII. Ngati drafters wa Akuthawa malemba oyambirira kapena ntchito kusinthidwa, ndi ndithudi ananena mu ntchito.

kafukufuku

Mayeso mtheradi wa Code zinachitikadi mu komiti yapadera kafukufuku. Amaphatikiza oimira Senate ndi Utumiki wa Justice. Choyamba macheke wachifwamba ndi malamulo yaikulu ya boma.

The auditors anapanga kusinthidwa ambiri. Iwo anandiuza kuti Code akhale ponseponse anayenera zidzawonjezedwa Pakutoma zozungulira ndi malamulo a mautumiki osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nafuna mutu wa dipatimenti zachuma Egor Kankrin. Mu Russian Ufumu, onse malonda miyambo zinali zochokera malangizo anthuwo Utumiki.

Buku la Code

ntchito mwachindunji pa kukonzekera ndi kuzilembanso kabuku zinachitikadi kuyambira mu 1826 mpaka 1832. Mu April 1832 panali mayeso oyamba kuti. Manifesto a kope yonse ya Code yosainidwa ndi Mfumu Nicholas Ine January 31, 1833. Pozindikira mfumu kuyikidwa pa zonse nawo lalikulu maudindo ntchito, penshoni ndi zina zotero. D. Pakuti mfumu kope m'chipinda chotetezeka chakhala za ulemu, chifukwa kuyambira pa chiyambi cha ulamuliro wake, wakhala akupita ku ntchitoyo. Mutu wa Nthambi Wachiwiri Mikhail Speransky analandira apamwamba boma mphoto - dongosolo Andreya Pervozvannogo. Komanso, asanamwalire, mu 1839, iye anakhala Chiwerengero.

Isanafike kope ake a Code la wayesedwa Council boma, kutsogozedwa ndi wapampando wa thupi ili, Viktor Kochubey. msonkhano panafika ndi mfumu. Choncho anathetsa codification ya malamulo a Nicholas 1. Tsiku la chochitika (31 January 1833) anali muyaya alembedwa kuposa milandu yonse Russian ndi lamulo. Mu Ndondomeko ya envisaged nthawi kukonzekera imene akuluakulu ankadziwa kale ndi Code ndi kukonzekera chiyambi cha ntchito zake. Baibulo limeneli adalowa mphamvu pa 1 January 1835. malamulo ake kuwonjezera ku gawo lonse la Russian Ufumu.

zolakwa

Ngakhale Code anali wochepa kunja mawonekedwe, si bwino kuti chikhalidwe cha zili mkati. Malamulo malinga ndi mfundo zosiyana ndi wakhala patchy. Mosiyana ndi okhometsa Western, Code wasenza ndi mfundo za kukhazikitsidwa. Iye anagona chakuti malamulo sidzasinthika, ngakhale anatsutsana wina ndi mnzake. Nthambi yachiwiri yakuti okha kuchepetsa chiphunzitso.

Nicholas sanali bwanji akamanena za chilamulo, chifukwa ankaona kuti ndi oopsa kusintha ntchito. Onse a ulamuliro wake anayesa kusunga lamulo lakale, kupitiriza ulamuliro autocratic. Ndi ankaonera zenizeni zakhudza ndi codification.

Crest dongosolo

Speransky anapereka kuti Code malinga ndi mfundo za malamulo a Aroma. dongosolo anali ochokera m'madera ziwiri zazikulu. Ilo linali lamulo payekha ndi anthu. Speransky anayamba dongosolo lake kuti wosalira ntchito ndi Code.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, onse zakuthupi lidagawikana m'magulu atatu. Aliyense wa iwo limafanana ndi nthambi zenizeni za lamulo - .. boma, utsogoleri, chigawenga, boma, etc. eyiti mabuku nayenso ali ndi mabuku 15.

kutanthauza codification

Maonekedwe a Code amalembedwa siteji atsopano chitukuko cha chilamulo zoweta. Nzika za dziko kwa nthawi yoyamba analandira mwadongosolo ndi zosavuta kusamalira buku limene inu angaletse ndi malamulo ena ogwila ntchito. Pamaso dongosolo anali ufulu zotsutsana ndi inkakhala zidutswa Akasakaniza. Tsopano unsystematic nthawi kale.

Rapid chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Russian malamulo. Tsopano akuluakulu anayamba kuvutika kumwa mphamvu zawo. zochita zawo zikhoza kufufuzidwa akamafufuza ndi Code. Anthu atadziwa chimene chilamulo ndiponso mmene ntchito. Pakuti kope Russian wa Code kwenikweni anatsimikizira yaikulu kusintha ndale ndi malamulo. Kenako kope lolembedwa kangapo, malinga ndi luso, mu malamulo anaonekera pansi pa kuloŵedwa Nicholas I.