Ndege V-12: mbali ndi chithunzi

Mbiri ya ndege m'dziko lathu ali mizu kupita mpaka kumbuyo monga chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza. Mwatsoka, woyamba mu Soviet Union lofunika kwambiri kwa chitukuko ndi kumanga Helicopters sanali kupereka zinachititsa kusiyana kwambiri ndi US. Zinthu zinasintha pambuyo Korea. Ndiye kunapezeka kuti Amereka ndi mkulu Mwachangu ntchito Helicopters kwa reconnaissance ndi zonyoza zimayenda ntchito. Choncho, utsogoleri dziko analamula nthawi yomweyo kukakamiza chitukuko cha Helicopters zoweta.

Pofika m'ma 50s wa atumwi otsiriza lodziwika bwino MI-6 analengedwa, amatchedwanso "ng'ombe". Kufikira tsopano, ndege imeneyi akuti ndi ngwazi mwa Helicopters kukula ndi tonnage Katundu. Koma ochepa mukudziwa kuti Soviet Union analengedwa ndi ndege wina ndi B-12 (amatchedwanso MI-12), mphamvu zimene anali wapamwamba kuposa wa m'nthano "ng'ombe!"

mudziwe mwachidule za chilengedwe cha makina

Atalenga moona chimphona Mi-6, akatswiri kutsogolera ndi okonza OKB lotsogoleredwa ndi M. L. Milem anapitiriza kuganiza kuti n'zotheka kukula kukula ndi kulemera kwa Helicopters si wotopa. Komanso, asilikali ndi chuma cha dziko ngati mpweya zofunika ndege yatsopano. Malangizo a kudzachitika wolemera anayenera kukhala ofukula, ndi luso zonyamula katundu - matani 20 kapena kuposa. Lamulo pamwamba Mil anapatsidwa "mundi Blanche" kukhala ndege yatsopano, chilengedwe umene unayambitsidwa mu 1959.

Mu 1961 izo anapereka mawu mwamwambo chabe pakuyenerera. Amatanthauza chilengedwe cha ndege oyenera kukweza katundu masekeli osachepera 20 kapena 25 matani. Koma ngakhale ndege V-12 - si malire a zokhumba za usilikali Soviet ndi alimi. Choncho, pa nthawi yomweyo mu amasinthira anali ntchito buku la makina, oyenera kukweza matani 40 Katundu (B-16 / Mi-16). Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito zofanana anali kuphunzira ndi America koma kupitiriza zina zachidule sanapeze. Koma ntchito Mil potsiriza adakopa Komiti ya Party Communist chapakati kwenikweni chilengedwe cha chotero ndege.

Mu 1962, ntchito luso linali kamodzinso kusinthidwa. Akatswiri anauzidwa kuganizira pa chilengedwe cha ndege ndi katundu kanyumba, ofanana mu maonekedwe ndi wa ndege OKB Antonov. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti makina atsopano zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito, kuphatikizapo mtunda wautali mayendedwe zida zosiyanasiyana za nkhondo, kuphatikizapo ballistic intercontinental mivi zitsanzo 8K67, 8K75 ndi 8K82. Ndicho chimene analenga Mi-12 ndege makamaka zolinga asilikali.

Sewero loyamba mawonekedwe a

Pafupifupi pabanja ndi Western nkhani zounikira ndege ankakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe cha chotero ndege yabwino wosakanikirana bwino kuphunzira ndi bwino kutsimikiziridwa kotenga chiwembu. Ndi Yak 24 anatengedwa kufufuza mwayi ake a asilikali. Ndipo okhudza za boma la mwachindunji izi anapeza "Boeing-e» V-44. Ndi akatswiri pa chitsanzo chawo mu dziko kwenikweni ankafufuza vuto mmene mwagwirizana pa rotors mzake. Anthu a luso chofunika kupeza momwe zinthu galimoto ziwiri basi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndege ndi ntchito ngati kungakhale kwambiri kothandiza kupeza mwayi wa dera kotenga amapewa zovuta zake zazikulu. Mbali A wa B-12 anakhala maloboti zomangira. Kuyambira mu njira ya mayeso ngozi ya alipo yochitira zinthu anali kudziŵika iwo ankayenera kuti adzaikidwa ndi alipo osachepera. Pakuti ichi ngakhale kuti nsembe ndi makhalidwe ena kuuluka bwino potsatira njira za makina atsopano.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, fuselage kwathunthu unatha kukakomana ndi specifications luso, monga wakhala waukulu kwambiri ndi imene inali yovuta kunyamula. Koma ngakhale mfundo imeneyi ndi mwayi waukulu mamangidwe. Kuweta ndipo amapha miscalculation akatswiri kugona chakuti intakes mpweya wa gulu lina injini anali pafupi pafupi utsi kubwereketsa wa ena. Kale mu mayesero, chinapezeka kuti injini zinthu izi angayambe uyenderere. Ndipo izo ziri mu ndege weniweni zinadzala khola ndi imfa akanthawi kulamulira. Choncho, Mi-12 - pa ndege, pa drafting umene okonza amakumana ndi mavuto ochuluka.

Komanso, kusanthula zina za chiwembu kotenga zachititsa kuti mapeto zokhumudwitsa: izo salola kukwaniritsa apamwamba zotheka ndege denga. Liwiro ndi kulemera kwa katundu ayenera kukwezedwa ndi sanali kwa ndime. Ndipo anapezanso kuti vuto la kulephera kwa awiri a injini anayi makina kugwa pa ufulu kugwa. Ndipo anali atatsimikizira kuti pamene ndege denga, ndipo pamene akuuluka zinthu otsika kutentha, mphamvu ya Motors ali kwambiri yafupika. N'chifukwa chake kotenga dera okonza anagwirizana anaganiza kukana.

Popitiriza kuchita kafukufuku

Sam ml Mil akufuna kumvetsa kuganizira za chiyembekezo misampha ena a dongosolo la fuselage. Choyamba, akatswiri okonza ntchito bwino kuphunzira limodzi-ozungulira mawonekedwe. Koma anapezeka kuti chiwembu ndi ndege zoyendetsedwa ozungulira kusiya (chifukwa cha kukula poponya lalikulu) mayesero wotsatira. Komanso galimoto makina kunapezeka kuti njomba. Pa mayesero chinapezeka kuti kupangidwa zida akutembenukira chopambanitsa zovuta. Choyamba, vuto mongoyesa kuti tithane, kutenga mabomba awiri ochiritsira wa Mi-6 ndi kuwayika iwo pa thandizo kutsinde.

Pofuna standardize akatswiri ngakhale ntchito kapangidwe tsamba muyezo wononga wa Ni-6. Pankhaniyi ankangomva nsonga inboard kutalika kwambiri. Kotero kuti B-12 (ndege) anayesa kutali zedi kugwirizana ndi toyesa zina za luso kuti kuchepetsa ndalama chilengedwe chake ndi kukonza. Kalanga, m'nthawi yake kuti kulenga chinachake monga chonchi zinali pafupi zosatheka. Iwo anali kenako kuyamba kupanga momasuka pabwino chopangira mphamvu ndi ofukula kutsinde. Motero anaika mwachindunji pansi zida chachikulu. Jenereta mpweya chikugwirizana thereto mwa payipi wapadera.

Mu chimake izi, chopangira mphamvu yokha zaphindu ndi mmene wosalira, popeza si chofunika chifukwa magiya ndi bevel kwambiri. Vuto linali lakuti ulimi wa otsika liwiro gearbox ndi awiri ndi pang'ono kuposa mamita anayi - ndi yovuta kwambiri komanso. Ndithudi, yotsirizira anali ndi chizolowezi okha. Mwina, mwa njira, kuti ngozi ndege ku Syria (04.12.16.) Zinachitika ndendende chifukwa cha kulephera kwa injini reducer.

Kubera chitsanzo yopingasa dongosolo alumikizana

Anakumana ndi mavuto onsewa yeniyeni, mu 1962 ndi OKB Mil akatswiri tinaganiza kusiya lingaliro la "zatsopano osakwatiwa-engine." Anabwerera ku chiwembu ndi injini awiri. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi anaganiza kupeza zosinthika ndi yopingasa dongosolo engine. Choncho, anakhala ndege, "12" lomwe lili zithunzi m'nkhani ino.

N'zoona sanachite Pankhaniyi popanda mavuto. Zonse izi kuwonjezera chakuti Helicopters kukula izi mu dziko palibe amene anamanga. Motero, akatswiri Soviet anachita kutenga ntchito yaikulu ya apainiya. Komabe, asayansi m'mayiko Western mobwerezabwereza anayesa kulenga rotorcraft kwa zolinga zawo. Koma iwo mobwerezabwereza mliri ndi zolephera.

Ngakhale ambiri akatswiri zoweta ku TsAGI ankakhulupirira kuti si ofunika messing ndi yopingasa dongosolo la Motors. Wa Mile ndi anzake kuti chiyani kuwopsyeza. Akatswiri woyenera molimba analenga bukuli ndipo asonyeza viability ake pamaso ntchito m'boma. Pambuyo pake, ndi ndege lalikulu mu dziko Mi-12, anali "chiyambi mu moyo."

Nkhondo ndi kugwedera

Kachiwiri, timu kwathunthu kuganizira zimene zinachitikira kwambiri apindulira pa antchito a OKB I. P. Bratuhina. Ovuta kwambiri kapangidwe kuwala kokwanira ndi amphamvu magulu mtima tinakwera. Yankho ndi tingachipeze powerenga amakona anayi phiko ndege basi ankayenera kuti kuchotsedwa, kuyambira mbali ofunikira a ndege gawo ili la kamangidwe afika kuchisenza ndi wolemera. Kunali koyenera kuti akonze kutonthoza kuti adzachotsedwa anapulumuka mavuto akuwuka Phokoso zokha yosokera ndi instabilities ena. Koma zoopsa kwambiri n'zotheka kukhala wochitachita mpweya kumveka, amene makamaka poyera zomangira pa maziko zotanuka. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ndege V-12, makhalidwe amene ife kufotokoza, anali ndi mwayi lidzangowonongeka mu mlengalenga.

Pamene ntchito ndi prototypes woyamba anamalizidwa mayesero koyamba, anaganiza kuchita mwachindunji mu shopu, kotero zophophonya akhakula, ngati pali, kukonza nthawi yomweyo, popanda kuwononga nthawi. Kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira za ndege, yapadera zingwe zazikulu ndi vibrators motengera zomverera resonant akuwuka kwa kasinthasintha wa wononga ya Mzimu inagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale kuti yekha Kutulukira antchito onse mosavuta mphoto, ngati pali chinthu monga icho mu makampani dziko ndege sizinachitike maphunziro. Atangochoka zotsatira anatsimikizira kulondola kwa kuwerengetsera. Ndipo ndi 1967 ndege anapezeka wokonzeka kwa mayesero ndege weniweni.

makhalidwe ziriri a ndege la

Choncho, ndege V-12 anali makina anayi ndi zoyendera inamangidwa pa chosintha-gawo mtanda chithunzi. Ozungulira akhala anaitenga ku MI-6. Iwo zaikidwa kumapeto yaitali cantilever lapansi. Mwatsoka, zimenezi sizinali zolondola kwathunthu, chifukwa Mi-6 wononga, amenenso si ochepa kukula, anali bwino osakwanira. Ine ndinali kukakamiza injini. More ndendende, Edo Solov'eva adalenga mitundu osiyana A galimoto-25F, amene mphamvu kuchuluka yomweyo mpaka malita 6500. a. Ine nalo vuto ndi mapiko, yomwe bwino kuuluka bwino potsatira njira ntchito anapereka V woboola pakati mtanda gawo.

Mwachindunji pakati gawo malembedwe reducer chosintha mamangidwe ntchito kufala kutsinde wovulala. wapadera umenewu chagona mu kalunzanitsidwe changwiro zomangira zonse, ndi ntchito zabwino kwambiri za swash ndi luso kugawira nkhawa wogawana kuti amalola ndegeyo ngakhale pamene injini awiri analephera mbali imodzi! Mafuta anali amawapopa onse mu phiko ndi akasinja osiyana wokwera. Mphamvu ya njira ngati zatsimikiziridwa ngati ndege lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse Mi-12 anapanga kamodzi kuthawa Moscow kuti Ahtubinsk.

Features wa fuselage ndi

fuselage ndi chopangidwa monga mwa cilamulo chiwembu monocoque. Monga mosapita m'mbali mmodzi wa akatswiri yachilendo amene amaloledwa kuyendera ndege, mkati, zinali ngati "chimphona Gothic tchalitchi." Ine wotanganidwa kutsogolo lonse la adalira kanyumba, amene anali yosanjikizana, ndi kutonthoza chosasimbika pa nthawi oyendetsa lapansi. Okwana panali asanu adalira chelochek. Ndipo anayi a iwo ili pansi woyamba, ndi zina - pa lachiwiri. Mchira gawo anali ankafika mphamvu makwerero ndi kutseka khumudwitsidwa.

Izi zimathandiza (ntchito zamphamvu zingwe za magetsi) kulera pa bolodi ngakhale kuwala akasinja, osati kutsatira kuti khama lalikulu ili. Ndipotu ndege V-12, amene kusankhidwa anali mwangwiro asilikali, anayenera kukhala ndi mpata wochita zimenezi. Yaikulu chapakati chipinda moti ankatha asilikali 200 mu zida zonse ndi 158 anavulazidwa (ndi proviso kuti osachepera ¾ anali pa machira a). Inali pansi pa fuselage mchira, anapanga mtundu ndege, zida ndi zikepe. Makamaka zofunika anali chiwongolero, akhoza kwambiri bwino yolondola Helicopters kulamulira mu ndege. Adagwiritsa ntchito synchronizer mu molumikizana ndi limagwirira ndi kulamulira mamvekedwe a zomangira.

Ambiri, ulamuliro dera B-12 kuyambira anakhalabe muyezo Helicopters onse ndi kapangidwe mtanda. Choncho, ndi Nyamulani zinali ndi malamulo ndendende variable-phula rotors. N'zothekanso kulamulira kukondera la ndege la. Makina amene anachititsa kuti ntchito ya kotenga akusamala, ozungulira phula (kusintha mu ntchito yake) zingawongolere malangizo a zoyenda la ndege la.

Safety - Choyamba!

ndege kulamulira Kulumikizana dongosolo lonse lapangidwa kutenga nkhani chiopsezo mwina kupotoza ndi mpweya wambiri wa kukhululukirana. Ndiko kuti, kutsindika anaikidwa kumanja kuvala kukana. Bukuli linapangidwa mu magawo awiri. Kotero, anali pulayimale ndi sekondale hayidiroliki amplifiers, ndi khamu la synchronizers basi, kwambiri zimatithandiza kulamulira ndege ndi injini anayi. Dongosolo lalikulu hayidiroliki atakutidwa mu chipinda mofanana gearbox chachikulu. The amplifiers zofunika kwambiri, kuwonjezera, chifukwa cholephera kachitidwe kumbuyo mmwamba ili yoyenera nacelles kumanzere. Okwana pali zigawo zitatu hayidiroliki. Aliyense wa iwo sanali kokha yoyenda yokha kwathunthu, komanso lingafanane payokha. Mwachidule, ndi ndege lalikulu mu dziko Mi-12, analinso odalirika kwambiri.

The galimotoyo za makina kuyambira zina zachidule woyamba akufuna tricycle. Mu lamanzere ndi lamanja minda, motero, anali kuima zawo. Pansi cockpit anali zofunika. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zoweta ndege ntchito absorbers mantha "hybrid" mtundu: mu Hydraulics ndi Pneumatics. Komanso, panali wothandiza mchira zogwiriziza, omwe amatanganidwa pa potsegula makina lolemera. The ndege yatsopano wachibadidwe latsopano machitidwe navigation yapangidwa kuti choti anakonza chiwembu mu nyengo kwambiri chowawa. Komanso, panali Autopilot ndi dongosolo basi zikusintha liwiro kasinthasintha wa zomangira lapansi. Kotero kuti ndege V-12, ntchito yomanga zomwe ife tafotokozeramu, akhoza bwinobwino m'gulu la swatches zotsogola luso.

Choyamba flights ndi chiyambi cha mayeso

Kumapeto kwa June 1967, kwa nthawi yoyamba makina anaimirira mu mlengalenga. Tikumbukenso kuti mu ndege yoyamba, chinapezeka kuti pali china, njira yapadera kugwedera pamene kugwedera opatsirana mwachindunji maboma. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi zolephera okonza, amene kupyolera mwachindunji kugwirizana kayendedwe pamodzi ulamuliro ndi abulusa galimoto. Chifukwa cha ichi, kokha kuvula chimphona anakakamizika kuti ndegeyo pangozi. zopindika onse posakhalitsa kusanthula ndi kuthetsa kuwonjezeka stiffness akukhudzidwira dongosolo la. Choncho, B-12 ndege, umene unali mwayi wa mphamvu lingamutsatire katundu, wakhala kwathunthu asintha khalidwe lawo.

Tikumbukenso kuti zapamwamba zinayi mtanda dera wolungama kwathunthu yokha pakapita akamuyezenso. Total ndege anaulukira nthawi 122. Wina nthawi 77 kwa nthawi yaitali zii. System kudalirika ndi apamwamba woyendetsa sitima limene poyambirira kuwonjezekeredwa mu anapezazo, anali anatsimikizira ndi mtima wonse. oyendetsa anasangalala ndi omasuka kulamulira makina yaikulu. Koma akuluakulu a asilikali ndinkadabwa otsika Motors voracity.

Pali malipoti kuti mayesero ankachitika pa injini ziwiri, zomwe galimotoyo inapitanso patsogolo. Koma kupambana kwakukulu kwa okonzawo kunali kuti ndi miyezo yolemera pafupi ndi Mi-6, helikopita inali ndi mphamvu yonyamula, yowonjezera ndi 7.2 nthawi! Choncho, helikopita ya V-12 (wopanga - MIL OKB) anali ndi mwayi wonse wopambana "ntchito" mu USSR Air Force. Mu 1970, adachoka ku Moscow kupita ku Akhtubinsk ndi kumbuyo, pambuyo pake mayesero a boma adadziwika kuti ndi opambana. Kumapeto kwa chaka, ntchito yapadera inalimbikitsa kuyambika kwa helikopita mndandanda. Ndiye bwanji palibe B-12 kumwamba kwa Russia wamakono? Tsoka ilo, helikopita silinatchulidwe.

Mapeto a nkhani

Poyesa kutsimikiziridwa, zolakwika zina zinawululidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti nthawi yowonongeka ikuwonongeke. Kuphatikiza apo, kachiwiri kachiwiri la helikopta kuyambira 1972 mpaka 1973 linaima mu hangar, pamene ogulitsa ankachedwa ndi kupanga magalimoto. Iye anali wosiyana ndi wochita naye mwachinthu chokhwima kwambiri ndi zolimbikitsidwa kulamulira. Mwamwayi, pa zifukwa zingapo, mu 1974 pulogalamu yopanga ndi kukonza ndege yapadera inachotsedwa.

Ngakhale kuti zinali zosiyana kwambiri, helikopita ya V-12 sinaloŵepo popanga makina ndi opaleshoni. Choyamba, poyamba analengedwa kuti azitumiza mizati yolemera ya ballistic, idatayika "malingaliro ake." Maofesi odzidzimutsa anakhazikitsidwa. Chachiwiri, lingaliro lenileni la kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfuti chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zawo zachitanso kusintha kwakukulu. Sizinali zofunikira kuwabweretsa pafupi ndi madera a mdani amene akanatha.

Chachitatu, zina mwa ICBM, zomwe zinapangidwa pamodzi ndi B-12 ndipo makamaka "pansi pa izo," zinali zopanda phindu ndipo sizinagwiridwe ntchito. Nthawi zina, zinali zotchipa kwambiri kutumizira katundu wa asilikali pamtunda. Chachinayi, chomera ku Saratov, ndicho chokha chomwe chinali chotheka m'nthaŵi yochepa kwambiri yopangira makina opangira ma helicopter, kuyambira 1972 "pamutu" wadzazidwa ndi malamulo ena a boma. Kukwanitsa zopangidwe kumeneko sikungokhalako.

Zotsatira

Choncho, B-12 - helikopita, makamaka patsogolo pa nthawi yake, koma inali "pamalo olakwika." Ngati makina oterewa adalengedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 60, ndiye kuti ntchitoyo idzakhala yake. M'zaka za 1970, zofunikira zinasinthidwa, ndipo zojambulazo zidasinthidwa. Koma helikopita ya V-12, yomwe mbiri yake taifotokoza, inapatsa oyendetsa ndegeyo mwayi wapadera.