Ndi galamafoniyo mu zamoyo chiyani? Izi mapuloteni gawo kaphatikizidwe

Dongosolo Biology - mfundo Mipikisano ndondomeko kuwerenga mfundo DNA, amene ndi constituent mapuloteni biosynthesis mchipindamo. asidi mkati ndi chotengera cha uthengawu ku maselo thupi, kotero ndikofunika kumvetsa ndi kusamukira ku nyumba zina ma chifukwa zina kusonkhana mapeputisayidi.

Mawu akuti "galamafoniyo mu zamoyo"

Mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe ndi ndondomeko zikuluzikulu kwambiri selo lililonse la thupi. Popanda chilengedwe cha mamolekyulu peputayidi sangakhoze kukhala moyo wabwinobwino, T. Kuti mankhwala awa organic PALI njira zonse kagayidwe kachakudya, ndi zigawo structural wa zimakhala zambiri ndi ziwalo, ndi kusewera ndi chilangizo mbendera ndi udindo woteteza thupi.

The ndondomeko, limene limayamba ndi mapuloteni biosynthesis, ndi galamafoniyo. Biology mwachidule ukugawa mu magawo atatu:

1. Chinamwali.
2. Elongation (kuonjezera RNA unyolo).
3. Kuthetsedwa.

Dongosolo Biology - ndi stepwise kugwa zosiyanasiyana zimene zimabweretsa DNA Chinsinsi apanga mamolekyulu RNA. Ndipo chotero anapanga osati mfundo zidulo ribonucleic, komanso zoyendera ribosomal, ang'ono nyukiliya ndi ena.

Mofanana ndi ndondomeko iliyonse amuzolengedwa, galamafoniyo kumatengera zifukwa zambiri. Choyamba, ndi michere kuti amasiyana prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes. Izi mapuloteni apadera kuthandiza ayambitse ndi kugwira zochita galamafoniyo molondola, chimene chiri chofunika chopezera apamwamba mapuloteni linanena bungwe.

galamafoniyo wa prokaryotes

Popeza trankriptsiya zamoyo - ndi kaphatikizidwe RNA pa Chinsinsi DNA, mu ndondomeko izi makamaka enzyme ndi DNA amadalira RNA polymerase. Akanika, pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa polymerases kwa mamolekyulu onse asidi ribonucleic.

RNA polymerase malinga ndi mfundo za mapolojekiti anamaliza RNA timafupa ntchito M'manja DNA unyolo. Mu zikuchokera enzyme uyu ali awiri β-subunits, wina α-kagawo kakang'ono ndi chimodzi σ-kagawo kakang'ono. The zigawo ziwiri zoyambirira ntchito ngati enzyme thupi mapangidwe, ndi otsala awiri ali ndi udindo kwa posungira wa enzyme kwa DNA ndi kuzindikira kulimbikitsa gawo la deoxyribonucleic acid, motero.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, Sigma Chinthu ndi imodzi mwa malo amene amazindikira losokonekera makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, Latin kalata σ index N zikutanthauza kuti RNA polymerase amazindikira majini amene ali m'gulu ndi akusowa wa asafe mu chilengedwe.

Traskriptsiya mu eukaryotes

Mosiyana ndi mabakiteriya, nyama ndi zomera galamafoniyo amapezeka zovuta. Choyamba, mukachipinda pali imodzi koma atatu osiyanasiyana polymerases RNA. Pakati pawo:

1. RNA polymerase I. Ndi udindo galamafoniyo imene imachititsa ribosomal RNA (kupatula 5S ribosomal RNA subedinitsv).
2. RNA polymerase II. cholinga chake ndi lithe yawamba mudziwe (masanjidwewo) ribonucleic zidulo, amene ndiye nawo kulengeza kwa.
3. RNA polymerase III. Ntchito mtundu wa polymerases ndi lithe ribonucleic asidi zoyendera ndi 5S-ribosomal RNA.

Kachiwiri, pakuti kuzindikira kulimbikitsa ku maselo eukaryotic nedostachno ndi polymerase yekha. Pa mwambo wa galamafoniyo komanso amatanganidwa wapadera mapeputisayidi, wotchedwa TF-mapuloteni. Only nawo kudzera ndi RNA polymerase zingatenge chiyambi cha DNA kaphatikizidwe ndi tizidutswa RNA.

Tanthauzo la galamafoniyo

The RNA molekyulu kuti aumbike pa Chinsinsi DNA, kenako Ufumuyo ribosomes pamene awerengedwa ndi mfundo ndi mapuloteni apanga. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe peputayidi n'kofunika kwa maselo, monga popanda mankhwala awa organic sangakhale moyo wabwinobwino: iwo kwenikweni maziko a michere yofunika kwambiri zochita amuzolengedwa.

Galamafoniyo mu zamoyo - izo ndi gwero la rRNA, zomwe zili mbali ya ribosome ndi tRNA omwe nawo mayendedwe a amino zidulo pa kumasulira kwa nyumba izi si Kakhungu. Angagwiritsidwenso apanga snRNA (yaing'ono nyukiliya), amene ntchito tichipeza mu splicing la tinthu RNA.

Pomaliza

Translation ndi galamafoniyo mu zamoyo kumathandiza kwambiri kaphatikizidwe wa zedi. Zimene zimachitika ndi mbali yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chachikulu cha zamoyo, limanena kuti DNA masanjidwewo ndi apanga ndi RNA, ndi RNA Zikatero, ndiye maziko kuyambira mapangidwe zedi.

Popanda galamafoniyo Zikanakhala zosatheka kuwerenga mudziwe kuti ali yosiyanasiyana mu atatu a deoxyribonucleic acid. Izi zikutsimikizira kamodzinso kufunika ndondomeko pa mlingo kwachilengedwenso. selo lililonse, kaya prokaryotic kapena eukaryotic, mosalekeza lithe mamolekyulu latsopano ndi mapuloteni latsopano limene n'zofunika pa mphindi kuchirikiza moyo. Choncho, galamafoniyo mu zamoyo - ndi gawo lalikulu pa ntchito iliyonse selo lililonse mu thupi.