Ndi satrap ndi ndani? Tanthauzo la mawu. Amene kalelo ankatchedwa masatarapi?

Tsopano nkomwe aliyense munamvapo wina kutchedwa ndi satrap, chitsanzo mantha. Ambiri mwina, anthu angaganize za kuipa kwa munthu, ndipo adzautsutsa. Koma nthawi zina kuzifuna kukhala satrap, kulemekeza monga ulemu waukulu. Amene anali satrap? Kodi mawu pakali pano, ndipo izo zimatanthauza patsogolo?

The etymology mawu

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "satrap" ali kutanthauzira angapo. Mu Greek wakale, chosiyana ndi masiku, «σατράπης» - uyu ndi munthu wolemera, bwanamkubwa wa mfumu ya Perisiya. Kodi chidwi, mu Greece ndipo ena makolo ana awo dzina Satrapis. Choncho ndi mawu m'chinenero aku Iran. Apo izo zikumveka ngati khshatrapâ. The wakale Aperisiya xšaθrapāvan (kshathrapavan) Amakhala ndi mawu awiri - «kshathra», kutanthauza ufumu, ndi «pavan», mwachitsanzo kumbuyo ... Likukhalira, ndi satrap mu Old - kumbuyo ufumu. Pali mafotokozedwe wina kwa zachilendo, kodi mawu akuti "satrap". Chisansikiriti muzu "anakhala" - chinthu ichi, chilengedwe thupi, kukhalapo, ndipo m'njira timapangira - choonadi, kuwala, kuti kumene moyo evolves. "Ra" - amathandiza. Pankhaniyi, Anakhala-Ra-P adzakhala kutanthauziridwa monga "choonadi kuwala kupondereza".

Akalonga ndi masatarapi

Tsatirani funso lokhudza amene satrap, muyenera kuganizira ku Perisiya wakale. boma kamodzi kwambiri wamphamvu chimatchedwa Iran. Pa TH pa 558 ndi 330 TH chaka BC, dziko ankalamulidwa ndi Achaemenids. Iwo chidwi kwa militancy nthawi zambiri anaukira limati oyandikana ndi anakwanitsa kugonjetsa ambiri a iwo. Media, Lydia, Bactria, Nubia, Colchis, Thrace, ndi ena ambiri anakhala mbali ya Perisiya. Kumene, kusamalira ngati lalikulu munthu gawo limodzi, ngakhale amphamvu kwambiri, zinali zovuta. Choncho, Mfumu Dariyo, amene analamulira pa nthawi, anayambitsa dongosolo latsopano la boma. Dera lonse la dziko, anagawa mu zigawo - satrapies, omwe akhala wonse unkayenera kupereka iye msonkho. Iye anali kuyang'anira mndandanda wa msonkho ndi kusunga dongosolo mu gawo akuyang'anira masatarapi. Zikuonekeratu kuti iwo anali anthu wolemekezeka kwambiri, choyamba pambuyo mfumu.

Ufulu Ndi ntchito ya masatarapi

Khalani satrap m'masiku amenewo ankaona chisomo chachikulu ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Ndinaika kuti mfundo imeneyi munthu, Dariyo Ine, ndi kusankha ofuna kuchokera pakati pa abale awo kapena achibale a bwalo otchuka. Anasankha zikomo milungu kuti monga iye tsopano mu loyang'aniridwa wake kumvera kwenikweni chirichonse ochokera kwa kapolo wotsiriza kwa nduna apamwamba. Satrap ankalamulira kutolera misonkho, kuwayang'anira zili wa asilikali, woweruza wamkulu analankhula, mwachitsanzo anali ndi ufulu kulanga ndi chikhululukiro. Iye ngakhale akanatha timbewu ndalama. Ngati timaona kuti mu mkati kapena kunja zokhudza satrapies mfumu ayi, ngakhale ndikulora iwo kuti azimenyana wina ndi mzake, tingathe kumvetsa kodi satrap, ndi amene anali atumiki ake. Chinthu chokha chimene okha mphamvu yake - ndi midzi ya asilikali achifumu, nkhani yekha mfumu. Ichi chidachitika akalonga musayese kufuna ufulu wonse wa satrapies ake. Zochita kasamalidwe midzi ya asilikali lipoti ku Tsar kwa masatarapi, ndi iwo, nawonso, asilikali utsogoleri. Natenepa nfumu na ntchito ankaonetsetsa ndi ena.

Loyang'aniridwa tizivutika kulanda mumamva

Misonkho ndi Dariyo Ine, ndi katundu wolemetsa anagwa pa mapewa a anthu anagonjetsa. nthaka yachonde kwa iwo ndi kudzipereka anthu otchuka Persian, amene palibe msonkho yaperekedwa. ena onse anali nthawi zonse kupereka mfumu kuchuluka mosamalitsa mapulani masamu malinga chonde ndi mtengo wa dziko lawo. Misonkho umene ngakhale mipingo. Kenako tinayamba kusonkhanitsa msonkho siliva. chiwerengero chake komanso mosamalitsa olembedwa. Anthu masatarapi amene m'gawo panalibe migodi siliva, amayenera kugula chitsulo chabwinocho. Ndi khalidwe la zochitika za boma anagonjetsa zambiri anagalukira. Kugalukira kwambiri zinachitika mu 373 BC, pamene mfumuyo inapita kukamenyana mbali zingapo. Iwo amapereka mwa Aiguputo ndi Ahelene. Aritasasta II wa, pomwepo Persia, anatha kugonjetsa atapanduka mu chaka 359. Izi zinachitikadi mwangwiro anafotokoza zimene munthu satrap, ndi wamphamvu wogwidwa anthu udindo uwu.

Wotchuka Persian satrap

Tsopano pali unit amene tikudziwa amene satrap Harpagos. Koma uwu uli kazembe woyamba wa mfumu, chimene pali umboni zopelekedwa. Munthu uyu analemba Herodotus, dzina lake amatchulidwa nthano, ndi nkhani yake anakhala yopeka mndandanda wa nkhani ndi Paulo Anders "kulondera nthawi". Harpagos, mu utumiki wa Astyages mfumu, anauzidwa kuti aphe mwana wakhanda wa Mandana, mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya Amedi. The Oracle ananeneratu kuti mwana ameneyu adzakhala wolamulira wa dziko, ndipo Astyages anayesera kukangana ndi tsoka. Harpagos, safuna panokha tikudzipereka makanda, anapatsa mwana m'busa wina dzina lake Mithridates. Iye anabweretsa izo kunyumba. Mithridates mkazi basi anabereka mwana wakufa, ndipo anabzala m'malo mfumu ndi mkulu anawatenga. Akufa mwana Mithridates anatenga Harpagos, amene anakauza mfumu pa kukhazikitsa dongosolo. Choncho, mwana yemwe kenako Koresi Wamkulu, anali akali moyo. Kenako, Astyages atamva chinyengo ndi monga chilango cha kusamvera kudyetsedwa Harpagos nyama ya mwana wake. Harpagos wankhanza kubwezera ndi kutsogolera kupandukira mfumu ndipo achotsedwe wachifumu.

Other masatarapi wotchuka

satrap wina, amene anasiya chizindikiro yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri - Orontes I. About iye analemba Plutarch, Demosthenes, Diodorusi ndi ena. Orontes ndinali satrap la Armenia. Iye wagwiritsa anaukitsa anthu anapandukira mfumu, nafuna ufulu wa Armenia, anamenyana ndi mfumu ya Cyprus. Dzina lake linali la mtsinje, panopa limatchedwa Typhon. Komanso, ine Orontes Orontes II a agogo mbadwa, kuchokera chobadwa Orontidov ku Armenia.

Mankhwala odzola anali akadali satrap amene analamulira Kilikiya, Syria, m'mayiko mu Israel ndi Lebanon. Kenako mu loyang'aniridwa wake linalanda Macedonia. Pamene Perisiya anagonjetsa dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky, Mankhwala odzola anali satrap ya Babulo. Iye anapereka Aroma mzindawo kopanda nkhondo, umene osati anakhala kumeneko maudindo womwewo, komanso analandira kuchokera Aleksandra Makedonskogo chilolezo kusindikiza ndalama zake, amene amakumana ndi akalonga ena. tanthauzo tsopano zina kutanthauziridwa monga olamulira a limati zomwe ndi zochokera ku dziko wamphamvu kwambiri.

Masatarapi tsarist Russia

Masatarapi kalelo ankatchedwa osamalira nkhani za boma. Pang'onopang'ono mawu wakhala n'chimodzimodzi. Ambiri mwina, ndi fanizo akale Persian abwanamkubwa achifumu, kunyenga anthu ndi misonkho, ngakhale kuchonderera kapena misozi, masatarapi anayamba kuitana anyakukhomesa msonkho tsarist Russia. Kenako akuti anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za kanjedza anthu, abwanamkubwa ndi atsogoleri, ili makolokoto. Mmodzi wa iwo - Arakcheev. Iye anapita mu mbiri monga warlord opanda chifundo kwambiri, kunyoza asilikali kubowola, Fruntov ndi chilango logwirika. Panali ngakhale latsopano akuti nkhanza - Arakcheyev. Mu Perisiya wakale, si monga masatarapi onse osiyana achipembedzo m'mutu. Pali umboni, kupha Mfumu Dariyo III. Iye anali satrap la Armenia, koma popeza kuti panalibe aliyense amene angatenge impso wa dziko la Board, anatenga mpando wachifumu. Kudzera chosakwanira zaka 6 anali anaperekedwa ndipo mwankhanza akalonga ena. Popeza anakonza chiwembu, iwo anamugwira Dariyo III wa, inapha ambiri mabala mikondo anasiyidwa akufa pa msewu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mtsogoleri wa achiwembu dzina lake Bess.

masatarapi modernity

Pambuyo mabwana opanda chifundo Tsarist Russia masatarapi anatcha Bolsheviks amene anachita kupondereza ndi nzika wolemera, amene anaponya banja lachifumu, ngakhale ana. Otchedwa masatarapi wa Stalin, Beria, Hitler, onse amene anachita ndipo amachita ziwawa ndi anthu. Mawu amenewa ntchito mabuku. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa panali latsopano journalistic buku Y. Udovenko "masatarapi Satana," zimene wolemba limafotokoza zochitika kwenikweni zinachitika kubisala milandu yosiyanasiyana akuluakulu onse achinyengo mu Russia, agwilitse malo apamwamba mphamvu ya boma. Buku lina - "Mwana satrap" - lolembedwa ndi Anri Truayya. chiwembu ake zachokera Maulendo a wolemba ubwana wake.