Nkhumba zakupha kwambiri padziko lapansi

Kodi ndi zolengedwa ziti zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri? Njoka, nsomba, akangaude - zonse zimakhala malo achiwiri ndi awa, oyambirira - achule owopsa a South ndi Central America. Poizoni wawo ndi poizoni khumi kuposa njoka, ndipo zinthu zovulaza zimadutsa mphamvu ya potassium ya cyanide. Nkhungu yowopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi, yomwe imatha kupha anthu khumi ndi awiri - dartwoman (kapena tsamba la tsamba) ndi loopsa. Ndipo chizindikiro "chowopsya" ichi ndi mbali ya dzina lachirombo.

Kuwonekera kumawonetsa kuti chitsamba cha mtengo ndi chakupha, ndipo palibe adani chifukwa cha izo. Mtundu wowala kwambiri ndi woonekera komanso nyengo isanakwane, ngakhale achulewo ali ochepa. Kulemera kwawo ndi 3-4 gm. Kwa oimira ang'onoting'ono kwambiri, monga dartwoman wamng'ono ndi dartman buluu, kulemera kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Ana okongola amasindikizidwa mu mitundu yonse ya utawaleza - kuchokera ku chikasu chowala, kupita ku buluu ndi mawanga ofiira. Ndiwo mtundu umene umasonyeza kuti simungathe kukhudza chiweto! Mwamwayi, achule owopsa amakhala m'nkhalango zokha za ku America. Ngakhale zili zoopsya, mafanizi ambiri amapeza zamoyo zoterezi pamtunda wawo.

Chiwerengero cha zamoyo ndi zodabwitsa ndi zosiyanasiyana, pali 130 pods zokwanira. Onsewa amakhala ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, koma usiku amagona. Masanawa achule amakoka nyerere, nyongolotsi, zotentha ndi tizilombo tina. Malinga ndi asayansi, ndi zakudya za amphibiyani zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri poizoni wa poizoni wawo. Mazanamazana a alkaloids, omwe angapezeke pa khungu la achule achikuda, alowetsa thupi limodzi ndi chakudya.

Zokwanira kukhudza khungu la chule kuti mupeze poyizoni mwamsanga kuchokera ku poizoni omwe ali ndi zida zowopsya zoposa 100 zakupha. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumakhala ndi mphamvu yaumphawi komanso ya cardiotonic. Munthu amalandira chithandizo cha poizoni kudzera pangozi yazing'ono pakhungu, komanso pores pores, pamene poizoni amayamba kutengeka, kuthamangira pamtima, kuchititsa ziwalo ndi imfa mu maminiti pang'ono. Asayansi apeza kuti galamu imodzi ya poizoni ya leafolase ndi yokwanira kupha akuluakulu chikwi.

Nyumbayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Amwenye chifukwa chowombera mivi. Tsopano sayansi yadziŵa molondola kuti mitundu 5 yokha ya mitengo ya nkhuni imapanga alkaloid zakupha - zida zotchedwa batrachotoxins. Koma pokonza zamoyozi mu terramuum, kuchuluka kwa poizoni pakhungu kunachepa kwambiri. Ndipo ogwidwa ukapolo mu ukapolo sanawawonetse konse iwo nkomwe. Nkhumba zowopsa sizitsutsana, choncho siziwopsyeza anthu, monga pamene zimawawotcha, poizoni zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera sizimakhudza.

Kwa sayansi, achule owopsa ndi munda waukulu wa kafufuzidwe ndi kuyesera, pomwe mungapeze mankhwala atsopano. Makamaka, tikukamba za mankhwala ophera kupweteka, omwe ali amphamvu kuposa morphine, antibiotics, mankhwala osokoneza mtima. Ngakhale kuti madokotala a sayansi akulimbana ndi mankhwala atsopano, mitengo yambiri yam'madzi imamenyera moyo pa dziko lapansi, ikupha poizoni ndi anthu ndi nyama zomwe zimawatsata kuti zisakhudze.