Nobel Prize mu Physics: mndandanda. Russian asayansi - Nobel Prize

The Prize Nobel anali kupereka kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1901. Chiyambireni cha Commission m'ma chaka amasankha katswiri bwino, wapanga anthu anatulukira zofunika kapena Kutulukira analengedwa kuti amulemekeze ndi mphoto aulemu. Mndandanda wa Nobel laureates ndi pang'ono kuposa chiwerengero cha zaka mwambowo, monga nthawi zina anali yodziwika ndi osakaniza a anthu awiri kapena atatu. Komabe, ena ofunika ponena payokha.

Igor Tamm

Russian wasayansi Nobel, anabadwa mu mzinda wa Vladivostok mu banja la injiniya aboma. Mu 1901 banja anasamukira ku Ukraine, ndi apo Igor Evgenevich Tamm maphunziro a sekondale, ndiye anapita kukaphunzira ku Edinburgh. Mu 1918 iye analandira dipuloma ya luso la sayansi ya Moscow State University.

Kenako anayamba kuwaphunzitsa, woyamba mu Simferopol, ndiye mu Odessa, ndiyeno Moscow. Mu 1934 analimbikitsidwa kuti mutu wa sayansi ongolankhula pa anayambitsa gawo Lebedev komwe anakagwira ntchito mpaka imfa yake. Igor Evgenevich Tamm anaphunzira electrodynamics wa zolimba, komanso katundu kuwala kwa makhiristo. Mu ntchito zake, iye choyamba anafotokoza mfundo za quanta mafunde phokoso. Relativistic zimango pa nthawi imeneyo kunali kofunika kwambiri, ndipo Tamm anatha experimentally kutsimikizira njira malingaliro zimene zatsimikiziridwa patsogolo. atulukira wake anali yofunika kwambiri. Mu 1958, ntchito wakhala anazindikira pamlingo wadziko lonse: pamodzi ndi anzake Cherenkov, ndi Frank, analandira Nobel Prize.

Otto Stern

Dziwani theorist wina, wasonyeza luso zachilendo ndi kuyetsa. German-American sayansi, wopambana wa Nobel Prize Otto Stern anabadwa mu February 1888 ku Sora (tsopano mzinda Polish a Dawn). Stern sukulu mu Breslau, kenako zaka zambiri mu sayansi ya zachilengedwe mayunivesite German. Mu 1912 anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii, mutu wa ntchito wake maphunziro anali Einstein.

Pa First World Otto Stern anali usilikali, koma komweko kafukufuku ongolankhula m'munda wa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi. Kuyambira mu 1914 mpaka 1921 iye anagwira ku University Frankfurt, kumene anaphunzitsidwa chitsimikiziro experimental za kayendedwe maselo. Zinali ndiye kuti iye anali wokhoza kukhala njira ya matabwa a atomiki, otchedwa zinachitikira Stern. Mu 1923 anaikidwa pulofesa wa University of Hamburg. Mu 1933, iye anadzudzula odana Semitism ndi chabwerera ku Germany ku United States, komwe adalandira nzika. Mu 1943 analowa mndandanda wa Nobel laureates chopereka chachikulu kuti apange cheza njira maselo ndi Kupezeka kwa mphindi maginito ya purotoni lapansi. Kuchokera mu 1945 - membala wa Academy National wa Sciences. Popeza 1946, anakhala Berkeley, pamene anamaliza masiku wake mu 1969.

O. Chamberlain

American sayansi Ouen Chemberlen anabadwa July 10, 1920 ku San Francisco. Pamodzi ndi Emilio Segre, iye anagwira ntchito m'munda wa kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Anzawo utakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri ndi kupanga anapeza kuti: anapeza antiprotons. Mu 1959 iwo anawona pa mlingo lonse, ndi kupereka monga Wopambana wa Nobel Prize mu sayansi. Popeza 1960, Chamberlain anakawagoneka Academy National wa Sciences ya United States of America. Iye ankagwira University Harvard monga Pulofesa wina zinathera masiku ake Berkeley mu February 2006.

Niels Bohr

Ochepa Nobel Prize mu sayansi zodziwika bwino monga wasayansi Chidanishi. M'lingaliro kuti angatchedwe anayambitsa sayansi yamakono. Komanso, Niels Bohr anayambitsa Institute of Physics ongolankhula ku Copenhagen. Iye ali wa ku chiphunzitso cha maatomu, potengera chitsanzo mapulaneti, ndi postulates. Zinalengedwa ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha phata atomiki ndi zochita nyukiliya, mu nzeru za sayansi. Ngakhale chidwi mu dongosolo tinthu anatsutsa ntchito yawo pa cholinga cha asilikali. Education tsogolo sayansi analandira ku sukulu ya galamala, kumene anakhala wotchuka ngati player mwaphamphu mpira. Mbiri kafukufuku mphatso zinali zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu atamaliza maphunziro awo University of Copenhagen. Wake ntchito nkhani yolembedwa anali kupereka ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi. Niels Bohr akufuna kudziwa mavuto pamwamba pa madzi pa Phokoso ndege. Kuyambira mu 1908 mpaka 1911 anagwira ntchito yunivesite kunyumba. Kenako anasamukira ku England, kumene anagwira ntchito ndi Joseph John Thomson, kenako ndi Ernest Rutherford. Anakhala zinamuchitikira zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kulandira mphoto mu 1922. Atatero anabwerera ku Copenhagen, kumene ankakhala mpaka imfa yake mu 1962.

Lev Landau

Soviet wasayansi Nobel, anabadwa mu 1908. Landau analenga ntchito zidzasintha m'madera ambiri: anaphunzira nyese, superconductivity, mtima atomiki, particles pulayimale, electrodynamics, ndi zambiri. Pamodzi ndi Evgeniem Lifshitsem walenga tingachipeze powerenga njira ya sayansi ongolankhula. yonena wake ndi chidwi zodabwitsa mofulumira chitukuko: kale analowa University of zaka Landau khumi ndi zitatu. Kwa kanthawi anaphunzira zimapangidwira, koma kenako ndinaganiza zophunzira sayansi. Kuyambira 1927 anamaliza maphunziro wophunzira pa Ioffe Leningrad Institute. M'nthawi iye ndi munthu wachangu, lakuthwa, sachedwa Ziwerengero yovuta. Malangizo okhwima analola Landau bwino. Anagwira chilinganizo ndi mwakuti anali atawawona iwo ngakhale tulo take usiku. Kwambiri iye, ndipo maulendo sayansi kunja. Yofunika kwambiri anali kudzacheza ku Institute of Physics ongolankhula, Niels Bohr, pamene wasayansi anatha kukambirana chidwi kuti pa mlingo wapamwamba. Landau akunena kuti ndi wophunzira wa wotchuka Dane.

Mu mochedwa mmasate wasayansi anakumana ndi Stalinist kupondereza. Physics nawo mwayi kuthawa Kharkov, kumene ankakhala ndi banja lake. Iwo sizinathandize, ndipo anamangidwa mu 1938. Asayansi otchuka a dziko atembenuka Stalin, ndipo mu 1939, Landau linatulutsidwa. Pambuyo pake, kwa zaka zambiri ankachita nawo ntchito sayansi. Mu 1962, iye anavomereza kuti Prize Nobel mu Physics. Komiti anasankha njira zake nzeru kuphunzira kanthu condensed, makamaka madzi helium. Mu chaka chomwecho zowawa ngozi zoopsa, inawombana ndi galimoto. Kenako anakhala zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. sayansi Russian, opambana Nobel Prize mocheperapo akwaniritsa kuzindikira chotero, chomwe chinali pa Lev Landau. Ngakhale tsoka ovuta, iye ophatikizidwa onse maloto anu ndipo anapanga njira zatsopano sayansi.

Max Anabadwa

German wasayansi Nobel, theorist ndipo anayambitsa okonzera kwadzidzidzi anabadwa mu 1882. Mlembi tsogolo la ntchito zofunika pa chiphunzitso cha relativity, electrodynamics, mafunso nzeru zaumunthu, ndi kinetics wa ena madzi ndi zambiri ntchito mu Britain ndi kunyumba. Maphunziro oyamba pa sukulu ndi kukondera chinenero. Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, anayamba University of Breslau. Mu ndondomeko ya maphunziro anapezeka nkhani za masamu wotchuka wa nthawi - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert ndi Germana Minkovskogo. Mu 1912 iye anali kupereka malo pulofesa wothandizira Göttingen, ndipo mu 1914 anapita ku Berlin. Kuyambira mu 1919, ntchito ya Frankfurt monga pulofesa. Mwa anzake anali Otto Stern, tsogolo wopambana Nobel Prize, zimene ife kale anauza. Mu ntchito zake, Bourne anafotokoza zolimba ndi chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi. Ine ofuna kutanthauzira wapadera wa yoweyula-tinthu chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi. Iye anatsimikizira kuti malamulo a sayansi ya microworld ndi angatchedwe zowerengera ndi kuti ntchito yoweyula ayenera kutanthauziridwa monga kuchuluka kwambiri. Kuchokera pamene Anazi anasamukira ku Cambridge. Iye anabwerera ku Germany kokha mu 1953, ndipo analandira Nobel Prize mu 1954. Ine nthawizonse kukhala mu mbiri ya sayansi monga mmodzi wa theorists otchuka zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Enrico Fermi

opambana ambiri a Nobel Prize mu sayansi anachokera Italy. Komabe, izi ndi pamene anabadwa Enrico Fermi, Mkuluyo zofunika kwambiri zaka mazana makumi awiri. Iye ndi mlengi wa nyukiliya ndi nyutironi sayansi, anakhazikitsa sukulu zingapo sayansi ndi membala wa Academy of Sciences ya Soviet Union. Komanso, Fermi limabweretsa wambirimbiri ntchito ongolankhula m'munda wa particles pulayimale. Mu 1938, anasamukira ku US, komwe anapeza mpweya wa poizoni yokumba, ndipo anamanga yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu ndi riyakitala nyukiliya. Mu chaka chomwecho anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. N'zochititsa chidwi minda ali ndi kukumbukira phenomenal, chifukwa Iye anali amazipanga wokhoza sayansi, koma mwamsanga anaphunzira zilankhulo mothandizidwa ndi kudzikonda kuphunzira, amene anadza ndi kulangidwa, monga mwa mayendedwe yake. Awa akhoza kumasuka ngakhale ku yunivesite.

Chikadzangotha maphunziro, anayamba wophunzitsa pa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi, imene pa nthawi imeneyo ku Italy pafupifupi sanapite. kafukufuku wake woyamba mu electrodynamics komanso kulandira chithandizo. Pa njira ya bwino Fermi Dziwani Professor Mario Corbijn, amene amazindikira talente imodzi ya sayansi, nakhala woyang'anira wake pa yunivesite ya Rome, kupereka achinyamata ntchito yodabwitsa. Atasamukira ku United States anagwira Las Alamos ndi Chicago, kumene anakafa m'chaka cha 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

Austria ongolankhula wasayansi amene anabadwa mu 1887 ku Vienna, industrialist banja. A bambo olemera anali wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa m'deralo botanical ndi Zoological anthu ndi kwa m'badwo woyambirira anaika chidwi mwana wake sayansi. Kwa zaka khumi Erwin anaphunzitsidwa kunyumba, ndipo mu chaka cha 1898 analowa sukulu zamaphunziro. Mokongola anamaliza, analowa University of Vienna. Ngakhale kuti zapaderazi osankhidwa anali thupi, Schrodinger anasonyeza ndi matalente anthu: ankadziwa m'zinenero zisanu yachilendo, analemba ndakatulo ndi odziwa mabuku. Zikayenda bwino mu sayansi yeniyeni anauziridwa ndi Fritz Gazenrolem, luso mphunzitsi Erwin. Zinali iye amene anali kuthandiza ophunzira kuti amvetse kuti sayansi ndi chidwi chachikulu. Pakuti nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii Schrödinger anasankha ntchito komanso amene anali kufotokoza kwakukuru. Ntchitoyi inayamba ku yunivesite, chimene wasayansi chinkhoswe mu magetsi mumlengalenga, Optics, zowulutsira, chiphunzitso mtundu ndi kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Kale mu 1914 izo linavomereza pulofesa wothandizira, zomwe zinamuthandiza wophunzitsa. Nkhondo itatha, mu 1918, anayamba kugwira ntchito ku Institute of Physics wa Jena komwe anakagwira ntchito ndi Max Planck ndi Einstein. Mu 1921 anayamba kuphunzitsa ku Stuttgart, koma pambuyo teremu wina anasamukira Breslau. Patapita nthawi, ndinaitanidwa ku Polytechnic mu Zurich. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1925 mpaka 1926 anagwira zatsopano angapo chosintha, lofalitsidwa ndi pepala lotchedwa "quantization monga vuto la makhalidwe awo." Iwo amalenga aone kuti pali zofunika kwa sayansi yamakono komanso masiku ano. Mu 1933 iye analandira Nobel Prize, kenako anauzidwa kuti achoke dziko: Nazi atayamba kulamulira. Nkhondo itatha anabwerera Austria, kumene ankakhala zaka zotsalazo ndipo anamwalira mu 1961 ku Vienna kwawo.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

Wotchuka German wasayansi komanso anabadwa mu Lennep, kuti pafupi Düsseldorf, mu 1845. Ataphunzira pa Zurich Polytechnic Iye ankafuna kukhala katswiri, koma iye ankadziwa kuti anali ndi chidwi sayansi ongolankhula. Iye anakhala wothandizira wa dipatimenti ku yunivesite ya kunyumba, kenako anasamukira ku Giessen. Kuyambira 1871 mpaka 1873 anagwira Würzburg. Mu 1895, anatulukira X-ray ndi ankaphunzira katundu wawo. Iye anali mlembi wa ntchito zofunika pa pyroelectric ndi piezoelectric katundu timibulu ndi nyese. Yoyamba Nobel Prize mu sayansi, analandira mu 1901 chopereka chake ndi sayansi. Komanso, wachita mu X-ray Kundt sukulu, kukhala mtundu wa tate wa mumaganiza wa sayansi ntchito m'nthawi yake - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. Ngakhale ulemerero wa experimenter bwino ankachititsa moyo mwachilungamo kwaokha ndipo analankhula yekha ndi ogwira. Choncho, zotsatira za maganizo ake pa sayansi kuti anali wophunzira ake, sikunali kwakukulu kwambiri. Wasayansi wodzichepetsa anakana dzina cheza pomulemekeza, moyo adawayitana X-ray. ndalama zawo, anapereka boma nakhala zinthu straitened kwambiri. Iye anafa Wilhelm Roentgen February 10, 1923 Munich.

Albert Einstein

The wasayansi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse, anabadwa mu Germany. Iye ndi mlengi ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity ndipo analemba mabuku ofunika pa chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi, anali membala yachilendo ya Russian Academy of Sciences. Kuyambira 1893 iye ankakhala mu Switzerland, ndipo mu 1933, tinasamukira ku United States. Einstein anayambitsa mfundo fotoni ndi, anakhazikitsa malamulo a zotsatira photoelectric ndipo ananeneratu kuti, atulukira umuna analimbikitsa. Iye anayamba chiphunzitso cha zoyenda Brownian ndi kusinthasintha, komanso analenga ziŵerengero kwadzidzidzi. Ndimagwira ntchito pa mavuto a ankaganizira. Mu 1921 iye analandira Nobel Prize chifukwa chotulukira wake wa zotsatira photoelectric malamulo. Komanso, Albert Einstein ndi chimodzi mwa initiators chachikulu cha maziko a Israel. Mu mmasate, iye anadzudzula Nazi Germany ndi ayesa kusunga andale kuchokera kanthu wakulungama. maganizo ake za vuto nyukiliya sichinayambe anamva kuti anali tsoka lalikulu la moyo wasayansi a. Mu 1955, iye anamwalira ali Princeton ku aneurysm kung'ambika.