Combinatorial, mutational ndi kusinthidwa masiyanidwe

Kusinthidwa masiyanidwe - ndi chuma chofunika ndithu kwa zinthu kuti zigwirizane ndi malo akunja. Izi ya zochita, ndiwo anatengera thupi la thupi kapena anthu onse kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, dzuwa khungu kwambiri kapena zochepa mdima munthu aliyense.

Kusinthidwa masiyanidwe ndi katundu

Mundawu wa zamoyo ali zina khalidwe:

• Kusinthidwa masiyanidwe amakhudza okha fenotayipi (mbali kunja), koma alibe mphamvu pa genotype ndi (uthengawu ku maselo a akonzedwa payekha).
• Ndi chikhalidwe cha gulu - ngati ena mmene chilengedwe bwanji gulu la zamoyo, kenako oimira ake anati maonekedwe zizindikiro zomwezo.
• Reversibility - kusintha kuoneka muulamuliro zonse zinthu zina. Ngati kusamukira thupi zinthu zina kapena kucotselatu zotsatira za zinthu zimene kusintha phenotypic kutha.
• kusintha zimene zinachitika mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina, osati tinatengera.

Tikumbukenso kuti kusinthidwa masiyanidwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya kusankha zamoyo. kuti pa chikhalidwe kupulumuka zamoyo zomwe ndi loyenereradi kwa zinthu, makamaka kusintha mwadzidzidzi zinthu zina. Combinatorial ndi mutational masiyanidwe si kwathunthu amapereka thupi ndi luso atengere.

Kusinthidwa masiyanidwe: Zitsanzo

Mu chikhalidwe, munthu akhoza kupeza zitsanzo osawerengeka a kusintha zoterozo mu chamoyo. Pansipa zalembedwa ambiri.

• Pakumuka kwa mu mapiri, pamene mmene chilengedwe kusintha, mu magazi a munthu kapena nyama za kuchuluka kwa maselo ofiira a magazi, kulola mpweya okwanira yachibadwa.
• Atadziŵa cheza ultraviolet kuchuluka Kugawilidwa kwanthaka akuyamba pigment mu zimakhala khungu.
• Chifukwa, nthawi zonse kwambiri zolimbitsa minofu misa ndi kwambiri. Pambuyo kuchotsedwa ntchito thupi pang'onopang'ono wotaya elasticity ake ndi minofu kuchepa mu kukula.
• Ngati woyera Himalaya kalulu kusuntha zinthu zolimbitsa nyengo ndi anameta m'dera la thupi, tsitsi latsopano lidzakhala imvi.
• Ngati mitengo kale kwathunthu kukodzedwa masamba, ndi usiku iwo adzakhala anakhudzidwa ndi kutentha pansi pa ziro, m'mawa muona ndi chosiyana pabuka hue.

Kuti timvetsetsetse chikhalidwe cha zipangizo kusinthidwa, m'pofunika kuganizira njira zina masiyanidwe.

combinatorial masiyanidwe

masiyanidwe chimenecho ndi chifukwa cha recombination imene imachititsa mu gametes kuphatikiza. Tsopano tione chitsanzo: ngati bambo ake a mwanayo maso obiriwira ndi tsitsi lakuda, ndipo mayi ake - tsitsi lagolide ndi maso a buluu. mwana A angabadwe m'maso wobiriwira ndi lagolide tsitsi kapena tsitsi mdima ndi maso a buluu. Ndi kusintha phenotypic amene amapereka combinatorial masiyanidwe a mbewu.

mutational masiyanidwe

Kusintha angabuke padzuwa la thupi la mutagens mankhwala, thupi kapena chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Mutational masiyanidwe mosiyana Masinthidwe:

• Vutolo limachitika zokha, ndipo N'zosatheka kulosera;
• Izo zimayambitsa kusintha zinthu majini;
• kusintha mutational kugonjetsedwa ndi tinatengera;
• masinthidwe akhoza kukhala mwina chosaopsa kapena chifukwa matenda kapena imfa;
• iwo Musati muzidalira pa zinthu zachilengedwe,
• Padzakhala anthu ena;

Monga mukuonera, ndi masiyanidwe - sikutha zovuta kuti kumakhudza genotype ndi makhalidwe fenotayipi. Ndi chifukwa zosintha, osakaniza ndi masinthidwe a zinthu anasintha pang'onopang'ono, kuwongolera ndi kusinthasintha kwa kusintha.