Nyumba za m'ma 20: zomangamanga zamakono

Panthaŵi iliyonse mu mbiri anapereka dongosolo waukulu, komabe Nyumba za m'ma 20 amakhala ndi chakuti mtundu wafika ro - kuchokera nyumba zosanja zitalizitali kuuluka kwa nyumba nzeru kamangidwe. Chiyambi cha izo chinaikidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mwa malo oyamba, lotchedwa modernist amene amaphatikiza functionalism ndi zolinga zokongoletsa, koma akana malamulo odziwika. Iye anayesera kuphatikiza mfundo amabweretsera mapulani mamangidwe ndi zochita za patsogolo mofulumira sayansi ndi wamakono wa anthu onse.

Ambiri Kamangidwe ka m'ma 20 - ndi gulu mabuku natenga maonekedwe a sukulu ambiri kamangidwe, mayendedwe ndipo zosiyanasiyana masitaelo. Mwa maina zofunika kwa anthu amene anakhala okonzanso pa luso mapulani ndi chinabweretsa choyambirira kapangidwe ndi kudula-m'mphepete zaluso, titchedwe Le Korbyuze, Ludwig adani Van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, Frank Lloyd Wright, Luisa Sallivana, Oscar Niemeyer ndi Alvar Aalto.

Choncho, poyamba pa zonse, zomangamanga ya m'zaka 20 ukufanizidwa ndi gulu lotchedwa zomangamanga masiku ano, nthaŵi kuchokera mu 1900 mpaka 1970-1980 (m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi Russia). Mbaliyi mbali zingapo (functionalism ndi constructivism, brutalism ndi rationalism, organic zomangamanga, Bauhaus ndi Art Deco, kalembedwe lonse), koma tonse makhalidwe ofanana.

zomangamanga Modern anafuna kukhazikitsa nyumba kapangidwe paulendo wopita ndi malingaliro tingachipeze powerenga ndi malo mantha, ntchito ya nyumba za m'tsogolo ndi chilengedwe chawo. "Fomu motere ntchito" (mawu a Luisa Sallivana, kutanthauza kuti kamangidwe lingaliro zikhazikitsidwe mwachindunji pa cholinga zinchito ntchito yomanga chinthu). Mwachitsanzo, Frenk Lloyd Rayt ankadziwika chifukwa chakuti kamangidwe ka nyumba za iye makamaka zochokera kumalo kumene ati kumanga nyumba. Iye ananena kuti zikhale "pamodzi ndi dziko," kutanthauza kukhala yofunika.

m'ma 20 zomangamanga zikuphatikizapo zotsatirazi zinathandiza kuti pena pa - ndi ntchito pomanga zipangizo zatsopano zipangizo zambiri zamakono nyumba (mwachitsanzo, simenti), pakalibe mfundo kukongoletsa, mwa kulankhula kwina, palibe okumbukira zakale, ofotokoza mbiri maonekedwe, amene ayenera kukhala ndi nyumba mosavuta kumva mawonekedwe.

Kamangidwe ka m'ma 20 mu Russia atchukitsa mu mawonekedwe a constructivism, makamaka asangalala 1920-1930. Constructivism ophatikizana umisiri patsogolo ndipo aesthetics watsopano wa nzeru za chikominisi ndi zolinga chikhalidwe kumanga boma. M'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa za kayendedwe - Konstantin Melnikov, amene analenga wotchuka Melnikov nyumba Moscow, lomwe ndi chizindikiro cha constructivism ndi Soviet avant-garde konse. Ngakhale gululi unagawidwa masukulu angapo kupikisana mu nthawi linakhalapo nyumba zambiri zinamangidwa, mpaka idagwa kusangalala ndi atsogoleri Soviet mu 1932. Koma zotsatira constructivist angapezeke mu kenako zomangamanga Soviet.

Popeza 1980s oyambirira, zomangamanga kwa zaka za m'ma 20 tikukumana ndi mavuto mawu kachitidwe structural (misonkhano, mphamvu, luso) amakhala multidistsiplinoy ndi specializations pa mtundu wa ntchito. Komanso, magawano amamvekera ntchito wamanga monga munthu wamanga, mlengi ndi mlengi, amatsimikizira kuti tsogolo yomanga malo anakumana zonse zofunikira mfundo sayansi. Koma, ndithudi, ndi polojekiti kuwononga chilengedwe ndi yaikulu yoyendetsa nkhani kwambiri kuganizira zomangamanga ano.