Soviet zomangamanga: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Kumangidwa kwa mtundu watsopano ayenera zimaonekera chikhalidwe cha dziko wamba ndi zomangamanga makamaka. zomangamanga Soviet wopyoza magawo angapo a chitukuko, iye ankadziwa zokwera ndi zotsika, koma Mulimonsemo chakhala chinthu makamaka zomangamanga padziko lonse. Mu USSR, panali angapo mapulani mlingo wokweretsa, ndipo masiku ano ambiri pambuyo Soviet danga, mukhoza kuona katswiri angapo lonse lapansi. Ife kufotokoza mmene kusanduka kalembedwe a zomangamanga Soviet, ndi momwe icho chakhala kusanduka.

Features ndi Ntchito ya zomangamanga Soviet

Pambuyo pa October kuukira boma la 1917, boma latsopano mwachangu anayamba kusintha muzochitika zones za moyo. Kwa kanthawi zonse izo sizinali kuti zomangamanga, koma pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti iye, nayenso, ayenera kuchita ndi ntchito maganizo, monga onse a luso. Mu zaka 20, amisiri sizinaikidwe mwachindunji ntchito kupanga danga latsopano, koma ndiAmene okha anamva kwambiri kuti inali nthawi yoti mitundu yatsopano ndipo anayamba kufuna mawu a maganizo a m'mene mungasinthire. Koma kenako zomangamanga Soviet udaikidwa kutumikira malingaliro lamadyerero. art onse Soviet Union anali kutsimikizira yekha yolondola ya chitukuko - ndi zokomera. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mbali yaikulu ya zomangamanga Soviet, amene nthawi zonse anali kukhala kwenikweni maganizo, koma otsiriza - wokongola. Ngati poyamba, ndiAmene anakwanitsa kuphatikiza akadali mtima lingaliro la kukongola ndi Kenako anapereka njira kwa aesthetics wa yothandiza, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuchepa lingathe a zomangamanga kwambiri.

sewero mbiri

Chitukuko cha zomangamanga Soviet wadutsa magawo angapo. Magwero a zodabwitsazi amagwirizana ndi nthawi 20 - chiyambi cha 30s, pamene pali kufufuza mphamvu kwa mitundu yatsopano, reinvents njira yakale ya zomangamanga. Panthawi imeneyi anapanga mbali ziwiri yaikulu ya zomangamanga avant-garde Soviet: constructivism ndi rationalism. Kumapeto kwa 30s pa zimaonekeratu kuti avant-garde si pa njira yopita ku Soviet chikhalidwe maganizo. Iwo amayamba zomangamanga latsopano limene cholinga chake kukondwerera ukulu ndi zina zomwe a lingaliro zokomera. Kukhazikitsa mfundo nyengo chinalepheretsa Wachiwiri World nkhondo, kenako nyengo yatsopano pa zomangamanga. Iwo amagwirizana osati ndi kubwezeretsa kwa mizinda anawononga, komanso chilengedwe cha malo atsopano amene adzakhala munthu kudzimva kunyada m'dziko lawo. Ndi pa mfundo imeneyi maganizo aumbike mwa ufumu wa Stalin, ndi propensity ake lonse. Chiyambi cha 60s ndi kulimbikitsa vuto la zomangamanga zogona. Anthu ankakhala zinthu subhuman, ndipo sangathe zikutheka kumanganso pambuyo nkhondo. M'pofunika kuthetsa yomanga nyumba misa. Vutoli anali anathana ndi maximizing ntchito mtengo. Zinali tsoka kwa zomangamanga Soviet. amene wasankha njira yabwino chitukuko anathamangira French mu mitundu zinchito za zomangamanga.

Onse zoyesayesa kulenga za mapulani anazindikira zimabwezera zoipa. Kodi anapanga ndiAmene kuchita "pepala zomangamanga", mwachitsanzo. E. Kuti akonze ntchito popanda chiyembekezo cha kuzindikira. Mu 80s, Soviet mapulani bwinobwino mavuto pafupi. Panthawi imeneyi, izo kulamulidwa ndi lililonse ziwembu zopulula ntchito. Zomangamanga kusandulika kwa luso kuti ndi luso yosavuta zojambula. Iye pang'onopang'ono anayamba kutuluka mavuto mpaka mapeto a 90s, koma kuti ndi maphokoso Soviet nyengo.

Soviet avant-garde

Kumapeto kwa Civil nkhondo, panali funso za kubwezeretsa kwa Moscow. Ndi nthawi iyi pa zomangamanga dziko la zachitika awiri malangizo latsopano: constructivism ndi rationalism. Zinalengedwa ndi mapulani kwambiri kuti anatuluka mwa miyambo Russian ndi European, koma iwo anaona kufunika kwa kulenga zomangamanga latsopano kuti akakumane zenizeni latsopano. Ngakhale ndiAmene anali chidwi ndi lingaliro kulenga dziko latsopano ndi mapangidwe latsopano, zogwirizana anthu.

Constructivists kutsogoleredwa ndi abale Vesnin, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg ankakhulupirira kuti zikuchokera nyumbayi ayenera kukumana kugwira ntchito. Iwo anakana kupitiriza mbiri, udindo waukulu anapereka mamangidwe mophweka ndi osachepera yokongola. Chifukwa iwo Union avant-garde zomangamanga limayenda ndi zipangizo monga nyumba wozungulira K. Melnikov mu Moscow, milimo ya nyuzipepala "Izvestia", Palace la Culture ZIL, ndi ena ambiri. malangizo anali akutsutsana kwambiri analandira mwa mapulani ndi nthambi zake zinali mu Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. M'mizinda yambiri ya USSR kale ndi lero tikhoza amasirira nyumba constructivist.

The chachiwiri avant-garde malangizo, rationalism, kutsogozedwa ndi N. Ladovsky ndi B. Krinsky, analandira kukhazikitsa kakang'ono kuposa constructivism. Iwo makamaka zimaonekera pa ntchito ya nyumbayi chifukwa ndi kuwerenga maganizo nzeru munthu. Kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche za avant-garde wakhala anazindikira osamva mlendo kwa luso Soviet mwamsanga unatha. rationalism patapita nthawi "anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso" ndi malingaliro ake ankagwiritsa ntchito pa zomangamanga mu 60s lapansi.

zomangamanga 30-40s

Cha m'ma 30s zomangamanga Soviet ndi kulowa nyengo yatsopano. Mphamvu zatsopano kukula kufunika zomangira chachikulu cha zogona ndi nyumba pagulu, pomanga mtundu watsopano maofesi, monga malo chionetsero ulimi. Chapatsogolo njira miyambo ndi njira. Pa mutu wa wamanga traditionalist afika kwambiri sukulu yakale Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist pamaganizo awo, abwerera kumka ku dziko kumapeto chikondi cha mizati, pilasters, zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso etc. Nthawi imeneyi, mwamphamvu kwambiri kufooketsedwa ndi constructivism, koma pamalo otsetsereka a zapamwamba kwayamba bwino. Pamaso pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mu dziko, makamaka mu Moscow, pali zomangamanga Boom. ENEA kuoneka zovuta, boma Library. Lenin, anamanga angapo malo Moscow okwerera sitima. Mu Kharkov, anapanga gulu loyimba Dzerzhinsky Square. Mu Yerevan, pali nyumba ya boma. Pa mapu USSR, mzinda watsopano, amene akufuna kutchula mfundo ya zomangamanga latsopano. Awa ndi Komsomolsk pa-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Nkhondo isanayambe, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 170 zinamangidwa mu dziko lalikulu. meters nyumba. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga latsopano, lachifumu kalembedwe la Soviet Union.

ufumu wa Stalin

Pambuyo World nkhondo II mbiri ya zomangamanga Soviet analowa msinkhu. Panapita kwambiri chuma kumanganso midzi anawonongedwa. Cha m'ma 40s mu Soviet Union anapanga chachiwiri pambuyo constructivism "kalembedwe wamkulu" zomangamanga - Stalin Ufumu. Iye ophatikizana malangizo zingapo: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Ufumu. Iwo anali yodziwika anamvetsa chimwambo, mogometsa. Nyumba kalembedwe izi zokha kuonetsa lonse chigonjetso Soviet ndi kupambana. Chizindikiro cha kalembedwe izi anatchuka kwambiri Moscow "inawomba nyumba yaitali": Moscow University State, hotelo "Ukraine", ya unduna okhonda ndi ena. ufumu Stalin anakhala kalembedwe lalikulu kwa zaka 150, izo wasintha nkhope ya dziko. zomangamanga Stalinist chaonekera pafupifupi m'mizinda yonse ya dziko.

Misa zomangamanga zogona

Mu nthawi unawonongedwa ndi pachimake nyumba vuto. Koma mu zaka 50 utsogoleri ake sakanakhoza kusankha, kotero kunali koyenera kuti abwezeretse zomangamanga kupanga. Koma mu 60s kuti kaye kusankha ntchito imeneyi zinali zosatheka. Pa nthawi ino zinatha nyengo Stalin ndi Khrushchev anaitana pazipita ndi kuchepetsa ndalama yomanga nyumba. Iye anayambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi "khalidwe lotayirira la zojambulajambula", chitsanzo wakhala akulimbikitsidwa kutenga French kumpanda functionalism. Choncho panali wotchuka Cheryomushki, monga chitsanzo cha malo latsopano. Kotala woyamba tinali kukhala zinthu za zomangamanga chikhalidwe ndi nyumba ayenera kupereka malo osachepera pa wokhala.

zomangamanga 60-80s

Popeza malemu 60 ntchentche akuyamba yaikulu otaya-mzere yomanga muyezo nyumba. M'mizinda yonse ndi m'midzi ya Soviet Union pali nyumba kuchokera Integrated mfundo konkire. Yomanga mofulumira, anthu kupeza nyumba. Koma ntchito mawu akuti "zomangamanga" kumanga ndi zovuta, popeza nyumbayi inali featureless kwathunthu ndi yunifolomu. Choncho mamangidwe a m'boma la Soviet ya kapangidwe muyezo mu mzinda iliyonse monga nandolo awiri mu ngolo ofanana ndi midzi ina. Ndicho za izo ndi anaseka wotsogolera filimu Eldar Ryazanov mu filimu "Izitu n'zovutitsa wa Choikidwiratu." Yomanga yaikulu polimbana extravagances mapulani zinachititsa kuti mfundo yakuti 80 TH chaka chodabwitsa cha zomangamanga Soviet inasanduka kanthu. Kumene, panali ena ndiAmene ndi nyumba lotereli, koma zomangamanga chonse pa mavuto kwambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi moyo mapulani zilandiridwenso pamene amayenda kuchokera ku malikulu a zigawo ndi Republic Federal.

"Paper" zomangamanga

Mu 80s, pamene zomangamanga boma cha nthawi Soviet mu mavuto, pali ichi chodabwitsa zachilendo. mapulani Young nthawi kuti sanathe kuwerenga osati pa kukhazikitsa malingaliro awo, koma ngakhale ankazindikira awo. Choncho, Adalenga ntchito mu pepala, nthawi zambiri, nawatuma kwa mpikisano osiyana achilendo ndi kupambana mphatso. Mderali akufotokozera mbadwo wonse wa mapulani wabwino. Kodi anayambitsa gululi A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. Amisiri anayamba kalembedwe awo kupereka maganizo. Popeza anali ndi chikhulupiriro kuti ntchito sadzakhala anazindikira, ankaganizira pa ulaliki zithunzi zosiyana. Ambiri mwa mapulani izi anauziridwa ndi maganizo a Kale, ngakhale zambiri kulenga zojambula futuristic.

Amisiri zabwino USSR

zomangamanga Soviet mu zoyambirira za mbiri yake anayamba chifukwa cha zinthu za mapulani amene anaphunzira ndi kupanga ngakhale mu nthawi lachifumu. Kamodzi m'badwo uno wapita, apo pakubwera nthawi yochepa ya bata. Koma posakhalitsa limakula gulu latsopano la amisiri amene kubweretsa malingaliro atsopano ndi mavuto atsopano. Ena mwa mapulani zabwino USSR Akatswiri amanena K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. constructivists awa ndiwo kunyadira kwambiri dziko lathu mu zomangamanga padziko lonse. Ndi pakati zabwino zomangamanga zoweta ndi N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin abale, Alexander Krasovsky. Great chopereka mapangidwe a fano m'midzi yambiri Soviet ndi I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. Mu Soviet Union, ife anapanga munthu wamanga amene ndinali nawo mwayi kusintha malo pambuyo Soviet pambuyo kukonzanso lapansi. Pakati pawo ndi ponena Utkin, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan ofunika.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Soviet-nyengo zomangamanga mwadzaza zinthu zosangalatsa ndiponso mfundo zenizeni. Choncho, kuzungulira nyumba K. Melnikov ndi imodzi yabwino ku dziko zipilala Constructivist. Apadera lonse wamanga Le Korbyuze anapita Moscow katatu, kuuzira malingaliro atsopano. Mu 30s zomangidwazo lalikulu la zomangamanga Soviet analengedwa - Palace la Russia, amene kutalika anali kukhala mamita 400, 100 mbewu. Kukhazikitsa izo, iyo litaphulitsidwa mwa Khristu Mpulumutsi Cathedral, koma anazindikira dongosolo sanali.