Obwerawa mpikisano. Kuweta kuphatikizapo mtundu anthu

Man ndi mitundu, koma chifukwa ife tonse tiri zosiyana? vuto onse - subtypes zosiyanasiyana, kuti ndi mtundu. Kodi pali angati nanga wosanganiza mtundu anthu, kuyesetsa kumvetsa zina.

Lingaliro la mtundu

Mtundu wa anthu ndi gulu la anthu amene ali ndi chiwerengero cha makhalidwe ofanana ndi akatengela apabanja. Lingaliro la mtundu wapereka kutsogolera kayendedwe ka tsankho, ozikidwa pa kudalira kusiyana majini a oimira mitundu, m'maganizo ndi m'thupi ukulu wa ena mafuko ena.

Research m'zaka za m'ma XX zasonyeza kuti chibadwa n'zosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Kwambiri kusiyana akuwonetseredwa mu maonekedwe, ndi kuchuluka kwawo zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi peculiarities wa chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, khungu loyera amalimbikitsa bwino kuloŵerera vitamini D, ndipo anaonekera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa masana.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi akupitiriza anathandiza view wa irrelevance akuti. Man - munthu zovuta, mapangidwe ake zimakhudza osati nyengo komanso malo zinthu, zomwe kwakukulukulu kudziwa mfundo mtundu, komanso chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe kapena ndale. Recent kuti anthu ankawaona ndi Transitional mtundu, mopitirira blurring mzere.

mtundu waukulu

Ngakhale kupanda ambiri momveka za chiphunzitso cha ofufuza akadali akuyesera kuti tione chifukwa chake ife tonse zosiyana. Pali mfundo zambiri za gulu. Zonse zimagwirizana kuti munthuyo ndi umodzi kwachilengedwenso mitundu Homo sapiens, woimiridwa ndi subspecies osiyana kapena anthu.

Mungasankhe zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa Kudulidwa Kwamalile A Malo mafuko awiri wa ku fifitini, osanenapo subras ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mabuku sayansi amasonyeza kuti kuli mafuko atatu kapena anai aakulu, monga yaing'ono. Choncho, malinga ndi mbali kunja olekanitsidwa Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, ndi Australoid.

Caucasians anawagawa kumpoto - ndi tsitsi lagolide ndi khungu, maso imvi kapena buluu, ndi kum'mwera - ndi mdima khungu, tsitsi mdima, maso bulauni. Kwa mtundu Mongoloid amakhala ndi maso yopapatiza anatumbula, yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda cheekbones, molimba, tsitsi molunjika, zomera pa thupi - ndi zonyozeka.

Australoid mtundu wachita kale ankaona Negro, koma kunapezeka kuti asemphana. Pa malo ndi oyandikira Veddoid ndi Melanesian mpikisano. Australoids ndi Negroid ndi mdima khungu, mphuno lonse, mdima diso mtundu. Ngakhale ena Australoids akhoza kukhala khungu chilungamo. Amasiyana zikhalidwe Negroid khungu, tsitsi, komanso tsitsi zochepa wavy.

Small kuphatikizapo mtundu

Great mtundu - kwambiri amphamvu ndi generalization, chifukwa kusiyana anthu n'kakang'ono. Motero aliyense amene lagawidwa mitundu yambiri thupi, kapena mtundu waung'ono. Iwo zimatulutsa yambiri yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu mpikisano Negroid zikuphatikizapo Negro, koysaysky, Aitiopiya, Pygmy mitundu.

Gawo mitundu anthropological makamaka zovuta ndi ubwenzi pakati pa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mogwirizana ndi izi ndizo zikuluzikulu, kuphatikizapo mtundu. iwowa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa oyandikana. Nthawi zambiri amathandiza kuti maonekedwe a njira zakale ndiponso zandale, monga kusamuka, kupambana, kusamuka.

Pafupifupi 30% ya anthu a mtundu kukhudzana. fenotayipi awo (mbali kunja) amasonyeza mbali ya mafuko angapo nthawi imodzi. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu chosakhalitsa osokonezeka kale kutali ndi kuteteza mawu a mayiko osiyanasiyana, monga South Indian, South Siberia, Ural mpikisano.

Mawu akuti "wosanganiza mtundu" zimafuna anthu anthu amene adayimilira chifukwa cha posachedwapa (m'zaka za m'ma XVI) Keyala mafuko kwambiri. Zikuphatikizapo Mestizo, Sambo, mulatto.

mestizo

Mu Anthropology, mestizos ndi ana onse a mabanja a anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ziribe kanthu zomwe izo zinali. Dongosololi yokha amatchedwa mtanda kuswana. History amadziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene mafuko awiri kapena kuposa kusalidwa, manyazi ndipo ngakhale awonongedwe pa ndondomeko ya Nazi ku Germany ndi atsankho mu South Africa ndi magulu ena.

M'mayiko ambiri, wotchedwa Métis ana a mitundu yeniyeni. Mu America, ali ana a Amwenye ndi Caucasians, lingaliro limeneli, mawu chatifika. Kwenikweni iwo ali ofala South ndi North America.

Chiwerengero cha Métis ku Canada, m'lingaliro yopapatiza akuti, ndi anthu 500-700 zikwi. Yogwira kusakaniza bloods pano chinachitika pa kulamulira, makamaka amuna European amakhudzana ndi akazi Indian. Sankhani, metises anapanga osiyana fuko amalankhula mifich (a osakaniza zovuta za Cree ndi French).

mulatto

Ana ndi Negroid Caucasians ndi mulattoes. Khungu lawo - kuwala wakuda, ndi kuti liwu limapereka udindo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba dzina anaonekera padziko m'ma XVI, kubwera ku Spanish kapena Chipwitikizi Arabic. Mawu muladi poyamba unkatchedwa maonekedwe achirendo Aluya.

Mu Africa, mulattos moyo makamaka Namibia, South Africa. Ndithu ambiri a iwo amakhala ku Caribbean ndi Latin America. Mu Brazil iwo chifukwa cha pafupifupi 40% a anthu Cuba - oposa theka. A nambala yaikulu ya moyo mu Dominican Republic - oposa 75% ya anthu.

Obwerawa mpikisano ntchito kuti athe kukhala ndi mayina ena, malinga m'badwo n'kugawana Negroid zinthu chibadwa. Ngati magazi Caucasus a Negro monga ¼ (mulatto mu m'badwo wachiwiri), munthu wina dzina lake quadroon. The chiŵerengero cha 1/8 ankatchedwa Oakton, 7/8 - mbalame zina, 3/4 - Griff.

Sambo

A chisakanizo cha majini a Negroid ndi Amwenye otchedwa Sambo. Mu Spanish, mawu zikumveka ngati "Zambia». Mofanana ndi mafuko ena wosanganiza, liwu nthawi anasintha kufunika kwake. Sambo dzina kale anatanthauza ukwati pakati akuda ndi mulattos.

Sambo anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu America South. Amwenye ndiwo anthu zamakolo m'dzikoli, ndipo akuda ngati akapolo zinkachokera ku ntchito m'minda nzimbe. Iwo anabweretsa akapolo kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XVI mpaka mapeto a XIX. Nthawi imeneyi, ku Africa kusamutsidwa pafupifupi 3 miliyoni anthu.