Socialism ndi yotakata umoyo ndale kayendedwe, womwenso magulu ambiri, mafunde ndi zipani. Iwo ali pabwino monga njira yothetsa mikangano chikhalidwe. Kodi izi ndi zoona? Kodi mfundo yaikulu ya sosholisimu zimene zimachititsa cholinga ichi, pali?
zambiri
Monga mawu akuti "zokomera onse" anayamba ntchito nthawi oyambirira 1830s. Zimatanthauza ya mafunde osiyana leftist kupempha kusintha dera anthu m'njira imene inaperekedwa ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa onse ozungulira kusintha kwa anthu ndiponso dziko lonse. Ngakhale amaganiza kuti mfundo kunayamba m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Iwo anali analemba woyamba enaake chikhalidwe Tommaso Kompanella ndi Thomas More. Ngakhale mchitidwe iwo anayamba kumasuliridwa mu weniweni yekhayo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Ndiye Socialism unali anachita kukula kwa zotsutsana chikhalidwe chifukwa cha kukondweretsa asapita bourgeois chikhalidwe. Kenako anasonyeza kusakhutira zowonetseredwa ndi kalasi proletarian za zotsatira chitukuko mafakitale.
chitukuko mbiri
Kodi kupanga mfundo za sosholisimu? Kodi zinthu? Mbali khalidwe la bizinesi oyambirira ndi chisokonezeko ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu miyandamiyanda, kotero kuti panali kuchuluka umphawi waukulu ndi kuchuluka kugawanika kwa anthu. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, malingaliro owolowa manja sakanakhoza kupereka njira yeniyeni kuthetsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsutsana alipo. Poyamba, mfundo zokomera onse sanali anamanga winawake moyenera ndipo Choncho malongosoledwe ake, ndi kuvumbula zokhazikika. Ndiye oimira azimuth zimenezi zimaonekera maganizo a gawo la anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti tiyenera kugwirizana zofuna za munthu ndi dziko. Chifukwa chofunikira anali kulenga zinthu lomwe adzatha kulibe ndi kukhala ndi ulemu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndipo anapanga mfundo lamadyerero.
Features
Socialism wayima monga njira ina chitukuko cha chitukuko. mbali ambiri kukuchititsa zimenezi - ndi otsatira njira mtendere ndi anthu omwe si achiwawa kukonza anthu amene anagona ziyembekezo ake pa maphunziro ndi kukopa ambiri. The mfundo lamadyerero zachokera chakuti anthu amachita kusankha mokomera izi njira chitukuko bwino kugwiritsira zinachitikira pa moyo wake. Education kungathandizenso kwambiri imeneyi. Ngakhale pamaso pa mbali khalidwe, mafunde chikhalidwe cha m'ma 19 zosavuta kubweretsa kwa chimodzi chimene, kusankha maganizo ndiponso mfundo zofunika kuti zimawapatsa pamodzi. Choncho, pamene tcheru anaika pa gulu la anthu onse - anthu. zinthu zimenezi kale, kumene ndi mbali ya anthu zochita pa munthuyo. Komanso vuto la chinyengo cha osankhika yopapatiza ya anthu ambiri. Choncho zofuna zinapangidwa kuti panalibe yotsimikizika kalasi ukulu. Mfundo imeneyi lamadyerero ndi chikominisi ndi mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mu dziko lero.
patsogolo kayendedwe
Mfundo zina za kukhalapo kwa dongosolo dziko zokomera ndi magulu kugonjetsa kalasi tingagonjetse kokha kupyolera kuwonongedwa kwa boma monga chiwalo cha chiwawa. Choncho, anthu amene amati view ichi amakhulupirira kuti munthu poyambirira payenera ufulu ku kuzunzidwa. Koma mbali chuma ndi ndale komanso ndi ufulu wosankha - ziri zonse zasekondale ndi kumakhalapo pa udindo wake. Izi makamaka iwo akutsutsana ndi otsatira owolowa manja vekitala chitukuko.
Kupanga ndi anthu abwino
Inu alandira kale zambiri. Ndipo 4 mfundo ya kukhalapo kwa dziko dongosolo zokomera akhoza kale kutanthauziridwa popanda kukhota. Koma kumvetsa, tiyenera kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane ina. Choncho, mfundo lamadyerero:
- Kuba katundu payekha.
- Kupha banja.
- Kuwonongedwa kwa chipembedzo.
- Kulingana.
Zachilendo mmene zingamvekere, koma iyi ndi mfundo za chitsanzo Swedish lamadyerero. Kuyang'ana zikuchitika tsopano lino mu Sweden, mungayesere kutsutsana ndi mawu amenewa. Koma ndiye kubwera patsogolo makamaka kukhazikitsa. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa ichi mwatsatanetsatane.
Kuba katundu payekha
Gululi odziwika bwino mfundo imeneyi ndi Marx ndi Chichewa. Choncho, mu "Manifesto Communist" anafotokoza mfundo yakuti yekha yokwanira kufotokoza akamanena za maziko lonse ongolankhula. zithandiza alipo mu ziphunzitso zonse Socialist ndipo limati ntchito iwo (amakhala osiyana). Koma chifukwa chokwanira womvetsa anasonyeza kuti amaona osati kuchokera mfundo zoipa view (monga ambiri amaganiza), komanso ndi zabwino. Chotero, inu mukhoza zambiri atchedwe dera malo. Monga chitsanzo, nyanja, masukulu, kindergartens ndi zina zotero. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo za sosholizimu amenewa anayamba m'nthawi ya 19, choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti mbali zina za mtundu wa bungwe la boma. Izi ndi zoona makamaka nkhani yotsatirayi mu gawo limeneli.
chiwonongeko cha banja
item Izi alipo ambiri ziphunzitso zokomera. Komabe, radicalism mawu ichi si pangozi. Ngati mumalankhula kufika, mfundo imeneyi cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa udindo wa banja ndi ubale pakati pa anthu ake, komanso kusamutsa ena ntchito ku mabungwe ena a anthu. Chitsanzo ndi gulu la akazi, kuwonongedwa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa ana ndi makolo, kapena kungoti kutembenuka unit wa anthu mu malamulo zikuluzikulu za boma. Kuti n'zosadabwitsa kuti ayenera kumvetsa kuti mfundo za kukhalako kwa dziko dongosolo zokomera mwakuchita "otentheka," ndipo, mu kuchita, tsopano awo kukhazikitsa sizingatheke.
chiwonongeko cha chipembedzo
Mfundo Tingaone, ndi ochepa kuchotserapo, zonse mwamakono ziphunzitso ndi chiphunzitso cha boma. Komanso, kuwonongedwa kwa chipembedzo zikutanthauza ya zochita si mu nthawi kalembedwe Bolsheviks Trotsky, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kusamutsidwa a chipembedzo kuchokera onse muzochitika za moyo pagulu. Kapenanso, mungathe kutembenukira kwa mayiko a gulu Denmark. Ali yachipembedzo otsika ndi la moyo wapamwamba. inawo kuti ankamuona ngati mmodzi wa zipangizo zofunika kwambiri kukwaniritsa cholinga. zitsanzo zilipo monga pang'onopang'ono ndi mtendere zinali za chipembedzo ku moyo pagulu ngati chigawo zosafunika. Mfundo methodological lamadyerero anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi kusintha kwake apitirira mu nthawi yathu.
Aone kuti pali (wamba)
Lamulo la chinthu choterocho mu moyo wapoyera angapezeke mu lililonse chiphunzitso pafupifupi zokomera. Iwo akhoza anasonyeza wofunitsitsa ndipo akufuna kuwononga wolowezana analipo a anthu ndi chiyembekezo chakuti maudindo onse alipo. Nthawi zambiri pa nthawi yomweyo iwe ukhoza penyani ndi kudana ndi chikhalidwe chifukwa chakuti ndi lochitira kuganiza ndi zauzimu. Komanso, mu nkhani iyi pamafunika chiphunzitso apfudze chifukwa chakuti izo amalenga nonuniformity anthu. Tikumbukenso kuti Mfundo imeneyi anayamba kwambiri nthawi yaitali - bwino, zimenezi imene Plato. Tsopano ntchito mwa zosiyanasiyana ano mafunde lamanzere mapiko, kuganizira chikhalidwe cha silifooketsa anthu ofuna komanso wopondereza.
Pomaliza
Si onse maziko ongolankhula limene ziphunzitso zogwirizana. Choncho, ambiri a inu mwina anamva za Motero lamadyerero: kwa yense monga anakhoza, aliyense malinga ndi zosowa zake. zopanda Zimenezi zingapezeke mu ziphunzitso ndi ziphunzitso zimene salolera kusintha kwakukulu ndi rationally asayandikire kwa kusintha anthu. Koma lingaliro limeneli lili drawback chimodzi: monga izo, anthu adzachita bwino ndipo mwakufuna. Kuti, aliyense kupita kuntchito, mmene mphamvu kuti athandize anthu, choncho inunso yekha. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za kuganizira za mfundo lamadyerero. Ngakhale mayiko a ku Scandinavia, omwe amaonedwa patsogolo kwambiri munda, sangathe kudzitama wa kukhazikitsa wathunthu wa malo chimodzi. Ngakhale izi zisanachitike, gawo pa zipembedzo, anatchulidwa kuti asilikali a Sweden anatha iyende bwino kwambiri. Koma kukwaniritsidwa komaliza mfundo awa akadali kutali.