Origin ndi moyo Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnon imatengedwa kuti makolo a anthu amakono, amene anakhalako padziko lapansi mu mochedwa (kapena pamwamba) wa Paleolithic (zaka 40-12 zikwi zapitazo). Dzina la mtundu uwu wa anthu wosazindikira anabwera kuchokera Cro-Magnon phanga, yomwe ili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa France. Kumeneko mu 1868, katswiriyo Lui Larte pa zofukulidwa amapunthwa pa zotsalira za anthu akale amene, mwa awo maonekedwe wosiyana Neanderthal mafupa anapezeka kale limaoneka Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens). Nakhodka, amene zaka zaka pafupifupi 30. Zaka chikwi yomweyo chidwi asayansi amene anaphunzira mbiri ya nthawi imeneyo, zoona za moyo Cro-Magnon ndiye palibe amene anadziwa. Mu zaka wotsatira, mitembo yawo, pamodzi ndi zipangizo anali m'madera ena (Mladech ndi Dolni Vestonice ku Czech Republic, Peyvilend mu England, Peştera Cu Oase ku Romania Murzak-Koba mu Crimea, Sungir mu Russia Mezhirech ku Ukraine nsomba Hoek, Cape zatchatchatcha mu Africa, ndi zina zotero. d.).

Chiyambi ndi kusamuka

Magwero a Cro-Magnon mpaka lero ayi bwinobwino. Poyamba, mbiri yakale komanso Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe unachitikira chiphunzitso Marxist za chiyambi cha mtundu wa munthu wakale. Ngati inu mukukhulupirira izo, ndi Cro-Magnon ndi m'banja la Neanderthal. Akatswiri ambiri masiku ano amakayikira mfundo imeneyi. Iwo amafuna kuti mukhulupirire kuti akalewa ndi Cro-Magnons ali mbadwa kholo limodzi, ndipo aliyense wa iwo anayamba kukula popanda.

asayansi amakono sangathe kukwaniritsa kugwirizana pa mfundo, makolo woyamba wa munthu masiku ano gawo lirilonse la dziko ndi pamene izo ndendende chinachitika. Baibulo ambiri ndi kuti Cro-Magnons inakhazikitsidwa ngati osiyana mitundu pafupifupi 200,000 zaka zapitazo, ndipo izo zinachitika mu kum'mawa kwa Africa. Patatha zaka 70,000, ali ndi kupeza dziko latsopano moyo anayamba amasamukira ku Middle East. Choncho wina wa Cro-Magnon asezare Near East ndi Indian Ocean, ndi zina kupita kumpoto n'kukafika mayiko a Asia Minor ndi Sea kumpoto Black. Ku Ulaya, Homo sapiens anaonekera za 40-45 zikwi zapitazo.

maonekedwe

Monga asamalidwe Cro-Magnons? Anthu akale, malasha mwamuna wosiyana ano anthu thupi kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa ubongo. Mosiyana, oimira sapiens Homo anafanana anthu lero, koma iwo anali zazikulu. Zinthu zamakedzana asiya kuti tikupeza kuti Cro-Magnon munthu, okhala Europe wakale, akwaniritsa kukula kwa masentimita 180 (akazi anali m'munsi), anali ndi nkhope waukulu ndi maso kwambiri anapereka. Voliyumu ya ubongo wa munthu wanzeru anali 1400-1900 masentimita kiyubiki, Chofanana kuti anthu masiku ano. Moyo Cro-Magnons, amene anali ndi moyo mavuto akale, chinathandiza mapangidwe ali bwino anayamba minofu misa.

moyo

anthu akale ankakhala m'madera amene ambiri anafikira anthu 100. ntchito yaikulu akhasaka ndi zakudya kusonkhanitsa mbewu. Iwo anali woyamba kupanga zida kwa mafupa ndi nyanga. Pamodzi ndi uwu, iwo akhalabe kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zipangizo mwala. Mbandakucha bwino mankhwala kuti awalola chakudya china, kusoka zovala, kuti mukupanga zipangizo kuti atsogolere moyo wawo. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa nyengo iyi wakhala bwino anayamba kulankhula.

nyumba

Cro-Magnon munthu akadali anapitiriza kukhala m'mapanga, koma iwo kale anayamba kuoneka mitundu yatsopano ya nyumba. Iwo anaphunzira kumanga matenti wangwiro anapanga m'matumba achikopa, yamitengo ndi fupa. nyumba zimenezi ikhoza kusunthidwa, kotero kuti moyo wa Cro-Magnon watha kuthetsedwa. Akungoyendayenda kwa malo osiyanasiyana cholinga cha chitukuko cha m'mayiko ena, iwo anatitumiza ku nyumba ndi chuma. Cro-Magnons anali woyamba mbiri isanayambe amuna amene anakwanitsa zikhale galuyo ndi ntchito mthandizi.

Makolo a anthu anali ambiri Kulambira kusaka. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi amapeza zambiri za kanjedza nyama, analasidwa ndi mivi, anapeza zofukulidwa wa midzi. Makoma a nyumba wakale anthu kukometsera zithunzi za zinyama ndi zithunzi kusaka.

migodi chakudya

Kusaka mbe mu moyo wa Cro-Magnon. Zenizeni za Age Stone kwambiri moti, kuti, polinga kuti kuzidyetsa wokha, kunali koyenera kuti amuphe. Ife ankasakidwa anthu akale a magulu dziko lathu mwadongosolo anthu 10-20. The anazunza awo anakhala nyama zazikulu (mammoths, mimbulu, wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya zipembere, zimbalangondo, nswala, njati). Kuwononga chirombo, iwo madera awo ambiri zikopa ndi nyama. The zida yaikulu ya kupha nyama pa Cro-Magnons anali mkondo throwers ndi anyezi. Kuwonjezera kusaka, iwo ankachita kugwira mbalame ndi nsomba (kwa gawo loyamba ntchito msampha, ndi wachiwiri - harpoons ndi ngowe).

Kuwonjezera nyama ndi nsomba, ana a anthu amakono amadya zakudya kukula zakutchire. Chakudya akalewa ndi Cro-Magnon zikufanana kwambiri. Iwo anadya zonse chikhalidwe anawapatsa (makungwa, masamba ndi zipatso za mitengo, zimayambira, maluwa ndi mizu ya zomera, udzu, bowa, mtedza, matope ndi zina zotero. D.).

maliro

Pa Cro-Magnons anali chidwi maliro miyambo. Womwalirayo achibale, iwo aikiwa mu ndumbi pa malo theka akuyesetsa. tsitsi lawo chokongoletsedwa ndi masikito, manja - makoza, ndi nkhope yokutidwa ndi miyala yosalala. The matupi wa kuwaza akufa ndi wofiira ocher. anthu ankakhulupirira ku moyo, kotero m'manda achibale awo pamodzi ndi katundu wa m'nyumba, zokongoletsa ndi chakudya, pokhala wotsimikiza kuti angawathandize iwo atamwalira.

The Cultural utasintha Cro-Magnon

Anthu amene ankakhala mochedwa Paleolithic, apeza zinthu zingapo kuti awalola kwambiri amakhoza bwino kuposa mu chikhalidwe cha akapolo anzawo akale. Pofuna kukwaniritsa waukulu Kutulukira mwala buku njira processing awo a mbiri adakhala ndi mutu wakuti "Njira mpeni ngati mbale." kupezeka zasinthiratu kupanga zida. njira munali chakuti pa mwala nodule (phata) kapena amanyansidwa akulimbikitsa mbale munthu kumene mankhwala osiyanasiyana kenako umatulutsa. Chifukwa cha umisiri wa anthu mbiri isanayambe aphunzira kutuluka kilogalamu imodzi pakachitsulo kwa masentimita 250 ntchito m'mphepete (akalewa chiyani musalumphe masentimita 220, ndi akapolo anzawo akale anali atachoka 45 cm).

N'kofunika anali atulukira Cro-Magnon zipangizo kupanga chakudya nyama. Kuthera nthawi yambiri kusaka, munthu wakale anaona kuti mafupa, nyanga ndi tusks nyama yodziwika ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. Iye anayamba wa iwo mankhwala qualitatively yatsopano kuti atsogolere moyo wake. Panali masingano fupa ndi kusoka, choncho anakhala mosavuta zovala kuchokera m'matumba achikopa. zipangizo Animal yaiwisi anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba yatsopano, komanso zokolola kuchokera m'menemo Zodzikongoletsera ndi mafano. Development zipangizo zatsopano kwachititsa kuti atayamba mfuti chipangizo nyama - mkondo throwers ndi anyezi. zipangizozi asiya Cro kupha nyama zina zambiri kuposa iwo mu mphamvu ndi kukula.

Chifaniziro cha Cro-Magnon moyo si kupulumuka kuthengo. Anthu mbiri isanayambe ndafuna wangwiro. Iwo anasiya ana awo ambiri zosemasema. Izi zojambula mural m'mapanga, ndi chokongoletsera chokongoletsedwa zida wapadera, ndipo anapangidwa ndi mwala, dongo, mafupa ndi mafano tusks wa njati, akavalo, agwape ndi zinyama zina. Ancient Cro-Magnon munthu ankalambira chosalimba kukongola. Pakati anapeza, anapeza zinthu zakale pali kanjedza ambiri akazi okongola. Kumbuyo mitundu mwambo wa olemba mbiri amakono Mudawatcha iwo "Venus."