Pangano la Nystad chifukwa cha zaka zambiri khama Petra Velikogo

Mbiri ya dziko lathu mapeto a XVII - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVIII lili ndi zochitika zambiri chimene chimakhudza njira tsogolo la chitukuko Russia. Khalidwe la Peter Wamkulu, mphamvu zake, zochita opusa zinachititsa kuti zikamera ya dziko latsopano, ndi Pangano la Nystad anali chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za nthawi iyi.

"Loss Century"

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII Russia anali ndithu dziko lalikulu Komabe, zinalibe zimakhudza kwambiri pa zochitika zonse-European. Amachititsa kuti anali ngati zochitika yapita mbiri, ndi inertia olamulira. M'zaka ichi, dziko lathu wakhala kusokonekera ambiri. Nthawi ya Mavuto a phukusi la Commonwealth ndi Sweden, imfa ya mayiko a kumadzulo, zipolowe za anthu ena, apogee umene unali kupanduka Stepana Razina. Chifukwa cha zochitika zonsezi, Russia anataya mwayi kwa nyanja, limene panali malonda yogwira, ndipo anali kwayekha.

Komanso, udindo ankaimba ndi chakuti olamulira a nthawi ino: Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexis, Theodore A., Ivan - anali amadwaladwala ndipo sanali amasiyana boma maganizo. Kupatulapo kwa zino anali Sophia Alekseevna.

Chiyambi cha zinthu zazikulu

Zinali yochepa regent abale wamng'ono - Ivan, amene anali chitserekwete, ndi Peter, amene sanathe kulamulira paokha pamaziko a mwana. Itafika yogwira mfundo yachilendo. Russia wapanga awiri la ntchito Crimea, amene ankafuna kuti kufooketsa izo Khanate, ndipo ngati n'kotheka, kuyamba kupeza Nyanja Black. Komabe, ntchito imene awiri ankhondo zatha zoipa kwambiri kwa Russia, umene unali chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kugwa kwa Sophia.

Peter, azungu zinkaoneka kuti chinkhoswe mu zachibwana. Adakonza nkhondo masewera, kuphunzira machenjerero, mudzi Kolomenskoye pa nyanja ndi ziwiya ochepa zamangidwa, zomwe amanyadira kutchedwa Petro zombo. Akamakula ndi bwino kwambiri kuti Russia chabe ayenera kupeza nyanja ofunda kutumiza. Mu lingaliro ili wakhala Chilimbikitsidwabe mwa kuchezera White Nyanja ndi Angelo - wina ayezi doko Pakutoma Russia.

Kufufuza ndi mgwirizano ndi Europe

nkhondo pakati Peter ndi Sophia adagonja ndi zakale. Kuyambira 1689 iye akutenga mphamvu zonse manja awo. Mfumuyo ndi vuto limene nyanja - pa Black Sea kapena Baltic - kuyesa kutuluka. Mu 1695 ndi 1696, anaganiza kufufuza mphamvu nkhondo zotsutsana ndi dziko lathu kum'mwera. Azov yokopa asonyeza kuti alipo magulu Russian ndithu sikokwanira kugonjetsa mphamvu Ottoman ndi m'manja ake okhulupirika - Krymskoe Hanstvo.

Peter sanataye mtima, ndipo anacheukira anthu a kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Baltic. Apa chogwidwa Sweden Komabe, kumenyana ndi imodzi yopita ku Ulaya la nthawi popanda ogwirizana anali kudzipha, choncho nthawi ya zaka 1697-1698. Mfumu bungwe Grand ofesi ya kazembe ku Europe. Panthawi imeneyi anakacheza Africa amati ambiri otukuka, kuitana akatswiri a ku usilikali, zomangamanga ndi shipbuilding malonda mu Russia. M'njiramo oimira anazindikira bwino mphamvu ku Ulaya. Ndi nthawi iyi moŵa gulu la Spanish Kusinthana, ndi kumpoto kwa Ulaya chidwi pang'ono mphamvu kwambiri.

Pangano la Nystad mu 1721: magwero chigonjetso

Anapezerapo mwayi uwu, kazembe wa dziko anamaliza angapo mapangano ndi Poland, Saxony ndi Denmark. mgwirizano umenewu unali mu mbiri ya dzina ya kumpoto Alliance ndipo umalimbana kugumula ulamuliro wa Sweden m'chigawo Baltic. Nkhondo kumayambira 1700.

Mfumu ya ku Sweden wachita zinthu mwamsanga komanso motsimikiza. Mu chaka chomwecho asilikali Swedish anafika Copenhagen ndi matenda wamphamvu analamulanso mfumuyo Chidanishi kunena mtendere. Wozunzidwayo lotsatira Carl akhumi anasankha Russia. Chifukwa cha lamulo inept ndi zina wa asilikali Russian zowawa linagonja pa Narva. Mfumu ya ku Sweden anagwirizana kuti Peter ndi salinso mnzake ndi lolunjika ntchito asilikali Saxony, kumene iye anali wopambana 1706.

Peter Komabe, sanagwe mtima. Fast, amphamvu miyeso anazilenga, tingati ndi asilikali latsopano chifukwa yolembedwa usilikali, ndipo mochitika kumandilimbikitsa zida zankhondo paki. Likufanana ndi kumanga zombo anapita. Pambuyo 1706 Russia anali pa nkhondo ndi Sweden yekha. Ndipo mfumu ya masitepe yogwira yayenda bwino. Pang'ono kanthu ndi apamwamba kuposa kuti asilikali Russian, amene anali wotetezedwa chigonjetso mu Nkhondo ya Poltava, zomwe zinachititsa komaliza ndi zimene anamaliza Pangano la Nystad ndi Sweden.

Russia likupitirizabe kukhala ufumu

Komabe, nkhondo anapitiriza kwa zaka 12, chigonjetso pa dziko Russian panyanja anawonjezera Victoria. Gangut nkhondo 1714 ndi Grengamskoe 1720 anagwirizana udindo waukulu wa zombo Russian pa gombe Baltic. Polingalira za ubwino mwina Russian boma Swedish ali anapempha osayanjanitsika. Pangano la Nystad yosainidwa miyezi ingapo, chizindikiro chigonjetso wathunthu wa dziko lathu.

Anadabwa, Britain ndi ku France chidwi ndi chakuti, pamene iwo ankachita zochitika Spanish, anapanga chotero asilikali amphamvu ndi mphamvu ya zandale kummawa m'dzikoli. Koma iwo anakakamizika amavomereza. Terms of Pangano la Nystad kuyembekezera kusintha malire pakati limati awiri. Pakuti Russia pa dera la adachoka chuma chosatha Livonia, Estonia, Ingria, komanso ena zigawo Karelia. Pakuti mayiko amenewa Russia anayamba kulipidwa kuti Sweden kuchuluka kwa rubles 2 miliyoni, ndiponso kubwerera ku Finland. Peter Senate analengeza mfumu ndipo Russia - ufumu. Kuyambira boma wathu kukhala wa maiko - vershitelnits tsoka la Europe ndi dziko.