Phosphorus ndi mankhwala ake. Othandiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala phosphorous

Mwa zakudya zofunika kuonetsetsa malo apadera ndi phosphorous. Chifukwa kulibe popanda mankhwala zofunika kwambiri, monga ATP kapena phospholipids komanso zina zambiri zinthu organic. Mmene zochita kupanga ndi mchitidwe uwu wolemera kwambiri mamolekyulu osiyana. Phosphorus ndi mankhwala ake ankagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ndi okhudzidwa zofunika mu njira zamoyo ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zochita za anthu. Choncho, tikaganizira zimene zimapanga amafotokozera, zake mankhwala yosavuta ndi mankhwala ofunika kwambiri.

Phosphorus: ikulongosola ambiri mchitidwe wa

Malo mu dongosolo nthawi tinganene mu ndime zochepa.

1. Gulu chachisanu, gulu lalikulu.
2. A lachitatu yaing'ono nthawi.
3. Siriyo chiwerengero - 15.
4. Atomiki misa - 30,974.
5. E kasinthidwe 1s atomu ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{2 3.}
6. N'zotheka makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la -3 kuti +5.
7. Chizindikiro mankhwala - P mu mitunduyi katchulidwe "Pe". Dzina la mchitidwe wa - phosphorous. The Latin dzina la Phosphorus.

Mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa maatomu inayambira m'ma XII lakutali. Ngakhale mu mbiri asayansi anakumana zambiri, kulankhula za kupeza wosadziwika "wowala" nkhaniyi. Komabe, tsiku lanuli anatulukira ndi kaphatikizidwe wa phosphorous inayamba mu 1669. Akupsya kugula Brand wamalonda pofunafuna mwala wa nthanthi ndi mosintha apanga mankhwala, zimene zimatulutsa ndi chowala yowala ndi kuwotcha khungu lawi. Iye anachita zimenezi mobwerezabwereza calcination mkodzo anthu.

Pambuyo paokha za njira yomweyo zina mchitidwe yogwira ndi analandira:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle;
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Lero, mmodzi mwa njira yotchuka kwambiri ya kaphatikizidwe wa thunthu - kubwezeretsedwa kwa lolingana mchere phosphorous-munali pa kutentha mchikakamizo cha mpweya woipa ndi silika. Dongosololi ikuchitika mauvuni apadera. Phosphorus ndi mankhwala ake ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu komanso zosiyanasiyana syntheses makampani mankhwala wamoyo. Choncho ndikofunikira tikambirane zimene amafotokozera akutumikirabe ngati mankhwala yosavuta kumene mu chikhalidwe munali.

Zambiri mankhwala phosphorous

N'zovuta dzina ubale makamaka pa nkhani ya phosphorous. Ichi ndi chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zosintha allotropic kuti ndi chinthu ichi. Pali mitundu zinayi zofunika zinthu yosavuta phosphorous.

1. White. Izi pawiri amene chilinganizo R _4. Ndi woyera, chinthu loopsali ndi lakuthwa zosasangalatsa fungo la adyo. Iwo uyatsa zokha mu mlengalenga pa kutentha yachibadwa. Watentha wowala wotumbululuka wobiriwira. poizoni kwambiri ndi oopsa kwa moyo. mkulu kwambiri reactivity, choncho linakonzedwa ndi kusungidwa pansi wosanjikiza madzi oyera. Izi ndi zotheka chifukwa solubility osauka solvents kumalo ozizira. Ndi bwino kuti disulfide ili yabwino phosphorous woyera ndi organic. Pamene mkangano, akhoza anasamutsa otsatirawa mitundu allotropic - wofiira phosphorous. Pamene yozizira ndi condensing nthunzi amatha kupanga zigawo. Pa zowawa za aliwonse, zofewa, zosavuta kudula mpeni, woyera (pang'ono chikasu). Limatsogolera kufika 44 ⁰ C. Chifukwa reactivity ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe wa. Koma chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ali lonse ntchito mafakitale.
2. Yellow. Izi ndi zoipa woyeretsedwa mtundu wa phosphorous woyera. Ndi kwambiri chakupha, monga fungo loipa la adyo. Uyatsa ndipo amayaka ndi yowala lawi losonyeza wobiriwira. Awa ndi timibulu chikasu kapena zofiirira musati kupasuka mu madzi kwathunthu, ndi zibonga makutidwe ndi okosijeni wathunthu zimatulutsa woyera utsi zikuchokera P ₄ O _10.
3. phosphorous Red ndi mankhwala ake ndi ambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani a kusintha wothandizira. Red pasty misa, limene lili ndi kuthamanga okwera adutse mu mawonekedwe a mibulu violet ndi mankhwala kulalikira. polima izi chingathe Kutha okha ena zitsulo ndi kuposa chilichonse. Pa kutentha 250 ⁰ C ndi sublimated ndi kudutsa ndi kusinthidwa woyera. Non-poizoni momwe mawonekedwe m'mbuyomu. Komabe, ndi kukhudzana yaitali thupi poizoni. Izo ntchito ntchito ❖ kuyanika pa matchboxes ndi poyatsira. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti izo sizingakhoze azinyadira zokha, koma pamene denotation ndi mikangano chimaphulika (anayatsa).
4. Black. Malinga deta kunja ndi ofanana kwambiri graphite, komanso ndi wolimba mtima kukhudza. Izi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi magetsi inawadutsa. timibulu mdima, chonyezimira, sangathe zidzasungunuka mu solvents aliyense. Kuti umaunikira, muyenera kutentha kwambiri ndi chisanadze raskalivanie.

momwemonso alibe maonekedwe kuleza lotseguka phosphorous - chitsulo. Ndi wochititsa ndipo ali ndi kiyubiki galasi latisi.

katundu mankhwala

Chemical katundu wa phosphorous zimadalira mtundu yomwe ili. Monga tanena kwambiri yogwira chikasu ndi woyera kusinthidwa. Nthawi zambiri, phosphorous angathe yatikhudza ndi:

• zitsulo kupanga phosphides ndi kumachita monga oxidant ya;
• sanali zitsulo, wokhala wothandizila kuchepetsa ndi kupanga mankhwala oyaka ndipo sanali kusintha kwa mtundu wina osiyana;
• oxidants amphamvu kudutsa mu asidi phosphoric ;
• ndi kuikapo maganizo caustic soda ndi mtundu disproportionation;
• ndi madzi pa kutentha kwambiri;
• ndi mpweya kupanga oxides zosiyanasiyana.

Chemical katundu wa phosphorous ofanana ndi a asafe. chifukwa iye ndi gawo la pniktogenov. Komabe, ntchito ya malamulo angapo ukulu apamwamba, chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zosintha allotropic.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Monga zakudya, phosphorous ndi chofala kwambiri. kuchuluka kwake ndi 0,09% mu matanthwe a. Ichi ndi chithunzi mwachilungamo lalikulu. anapeza komwe atomu ili mu chikhalidwe? Pali malo angapo chachikulu:

• wobiriwira wa zomera, mbewu zawo ndi zipatso;
• zimakhala nyama (minofu, mafupa, dzino enamel, zofunika mankhwala ambiri organic);
• kutumphuka padziko lapansi;
• nthaka;
• miyala ndi mchere;
• nyanja madzi.

Pankhaniyi tikhoza kulankhula kokha za mitundu zokhudza, koma si nkhani yamasewera. Ndipotu iye ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri, ndipo salola kuti iye akhale omasuka. Mwa mchere wolemera phosphorous ndi:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• phosphorous ndi zina.

Tanthauzo zamoyo chinthu ichi sangathe n'kofunika. Ndipotu, iye ali gawo la mankhwala monga:

• mapuloteni;
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• michere.

Kutanthauza kuti amene ali ofunika onse ndipo timakhala pa thupi lonse lathunthu. Daily ponseponse chifukwa chokhwima msinkhu anthu pafupifupi 2 gm.

Phosphorus ndi mankhwala ake

Monga wokangalika, yogwira chinthu ndipamene kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo mitundu yonse ndi phosphide, ndipo uwo amachita ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi sangathe adzatchedwa mfundo adzakhala inert mu anachita izo. Choncho mankhwala a phosphorous chilinganizo osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Munthu angathe tchulani angapo makalasi a zinthu mu mapangidwe zomwe iye ndi ophunzira yogwira.

1. Bayinare mankhwala - oxides, phosphides, wa hydrogen oyaka pawiri, sulfide, nitride, ndi ena. Mwachitsanzo: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, pH _3, ndi ena.
2. Zovuta zinthu: salt a mitundu yonse (pafupifupi m'maderawo zofunika, pawiri, zovuta), zidulo. Chitsanzo: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ ndi ena.
3. Mpweya munali mankhwala organic: mapuloteni, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, ndi ena.

Mitundu kwambiri zinthu kuzindikiridwa ndi zofunika mafakitale ndi kwachilengedwenso kufunika. Ntchito phosphorous ndi mankhwala ake ndipo mwina mankhwala zolinga ndi kupanga zinthu wamba kwambiri banja.

Mankhwala ndi zitsulo

mankhwala bayinare wa phosphorous ndi zitsulo ndi nonmetals sakhala electronegative mutu phosphides. Izi mchere ngati zinthu zomwe adzalandira Kusakhazikika kwambiri atadziŵa wothandizila zosiyanasiyana. Rapid kuwonongeka (hydrolysis) zotsatira ngakhale madzi wamba.

Ndiponso mu zochita za asidi unconcentrated zikuchitika monga azingokhala wothandizila pa malonda lolingana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife kulankhula za hydrolysis kashiamu phosphide, mankhwala adzakhala zitsulo hydroxide ndi phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6H ₂ O = 3Ca (o) ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

phosphide A kuvumbula degradable pansi kanthu asidi ndi mchere, timapeza mchere lolingana ndi phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + 2PH ₃ ↑

Ambiri, mtengo wa mankhwala nkhani monga nthawi imene haidrojeni anapanga chifukwa cha phosphorous pawiri, amene katundu zafotokozedwa pansipa.

Volatiles phosphorous ofotokoza

Pali Awiri chachikulu:

• woyera phosphorous;
• phosphine.

Pansi takambirana kale pamwambapa, ndi maonekedwe a galimoto. Iwo ananena kuti ndi woyera wandiweyani utsi woopsa kwambiri, smelly ndi kudzikonda muyatsa m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa.

Koma kodi phosphine? Awa ndi ambiri ndi yodziwika kosakhazikika mankhwala, womwenso zinthu pansi kulingalira. Ndi bayinare, ndi membala chachiwiri - haidrojeni. Chilinganizo phosphorous wa hydrogen mankhwala - pH _3, dzina la phosphine lapansi.

The katundu wa nkhaniyi tinganene motere.

1. Zouluka mpweya colorless.
2. poizoni kwambiri.
3. Ilo liri ndi fungo la nsomba yoola.
4. Popeza madzi Kodi samva bwino kwambiri sungunuka izo. Ndi sungunuka umagwirira organic.
5. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, mankhwala wokangalika.
6. Iwo uyatsa zokha mu mlengalenga.
7. Popangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zitsulo phosphide.

dzina lina - PHOSPHAN. Iwo amagwirizana ndi mbiri za anthu akale kwambiri. Kuti cholinga cha "akungoyendayenda moto" nthawi zina anthu anaona ndi kuwona tsopano manda, zithaphwi. Ozungulira kapena svechepodobnye magetsi kuti ziwoneka apa ndi apo, kukonza kuona kayendedwe, ankaona zoipa, ndipo adawopa kwambiri anthu wopembedzetsa. chifukwa zodabwitsazi, malinga ndi maganizo panopa asayansi ena, tinganene kuti kudziletsa poyatsira wa phosphine amene mwachibadwa opangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zatsalira organic, onse zomera ndi nyama. mpweya akutuluka ndi amakhudzana ndi mpweya, kuwala. Mtundu ndi kukula kwa lawi akhoza zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri izi yowala wobiriwira magetsi.

Mwachionekere, onse oyaka phosphorous pawiri - poizoni, amene mosavuta wapezeka ndi fungo lakuthwa zosasangalatsa. Mbali imeneyi kumathandiza poyizoni ndi zotsatira zoipa.

The mankhwala omwe si zitsulo

Ngati phosphorous khalidwe ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa, m'pofunika kulankhula za mankhwala bayinare ndi sanali zitsulo. Nthawi zambiri, iwo ndi zambiri electronegative. Choncho, pali mitundu ingapo ya zipangizo za mtundu uwu:

• phosphorous ndi sulfure pawiri - sulphide wa phosphorous P ₂ S _3;
• phosphorous mankhwala enaake III, V;
• oxides ndi anhydride;
• bromide ndi iodide, ndi ena.

kapangidwe ka phosphorous ndi mankhwala ake zosiyanasiyana, choncho n'zovuta kudziwa ofunika kwambiri. Kulankhula concretely wa zinthu anapanga wa phosphorous ndi sanali zitsulo, zofunika kwambiri ndi oxides ndi chlorides nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Iwo ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe mankhwala monga nthumwi dehydrating, monga catalysts, ndi zina zotero.

Choncho, imodzi mwa njira zamphamvu kwambiri dehumidifying ndi apamwamba phosphorous okusayidi - P ₂ O _5. Iye mwamphamvu amakopeka madzi kuti pamene mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi izo pali anachita nkhanza amphamvu phokoso limodzi. Palokha, thunthu ndi woyera chofewa ngati misa, m'chigawo akaphatikiza pafupi amorphous.

Mpweya mankhwala organic ndi phosphorous

Amadziwika kuti umagwirira organic chiwerengero cha mankhwala ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa zochita kupanga. zodabwitsazi chafotokozedwa ndi luso la isomerism, ndipo maatomu mpweya kupanga zosiyanasiyana maatomu nyumba unyolo sachoka wina ndi mzake. Mwachibadwa, pali dongosolo linalake, mwachitsanzo gulu, amene umamvera onse zimapangidwira organic. magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala Komabe, ndife chidwi makamaka imodzi, mwachindunji zokhudzana amafotokozera mu funso. Izi mpweya munali mankhwala ndi phosphorous. Njirazi ndi monga:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, pyridoxal mankwala, ndi ena;
• mapuloteni;
• zidulo mkati ngati zotsalira phosphoric asidi ndi gawo la nyukiliotayidi ya;
• phospholipids ndi fosfoproteidy;
• michere ndi catalysts.

Vid Iona, imene phosphorous mamolekyulu nawo mapangidwe mankhwala awa, zotsatirazi - PO ₄ ^{3- mwachitsanzo,} ndi zotsalira asidi asidi phosphoric. Kapangidwe ka ena mapuloteni kuti lifike atomu ufulu kapena ion yosavuta.

Pakuti wabwinobwino aliyense mchitidwe yogwira lake amoyo ndi mankhwala organic popangidwa ndi iwo n'chofunika kwambiri komanso zofunikira. N'zosatheka kumanga iliyonse ya magawo structural wa thupi lopanda zedi. A DNA ndi RNA - onyamula chachikulu ndi transmitters wa mudziwe chibadwa. Ambiri, kugwirizana onse ayenera kupezeka salephera.

Ntchito phosphorous mu makampani

Ntchito phosphorous ndi mankhwala ake makampani angathe ndizodabwitsa mfundo zingapo.

1. Ntchito popanga wa machesi, mankhwala kuphulika, mabomba incendiary, ena utsi, lubricants.
2. Monga mpweya mkangaziwisi komanso kupanga nyali incandescent.
3. Kuteteza zitsulo ndi dzimbiri.
4. Mu ulimi monga feteleza nthaka.
5. Monga njira olimbikitsa madzi.
6. Mu syntheses mankhwala kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ku zamoyo yafupika nawo njira ya mapangidwe enamel mano ndi mafupa. Kuthandiza pa zochita analogous ndi catabolism, komanso yokonza chilengedwe mkati mwa maselo buffering ndi madzi kwachilengedwenso. Ndi maziko kaphatikizidwe wa DNA, RNA, phospholipids.