Polymorphism - ndichiyani? polymorphism majini

Majini polymorphism - chikhalidwe limene pali zosiyanasiyana yaitali majini, koma pafupipafupi jini kwambiri kawirikawiri kunachitika anthu peresenti kuposa wina. Kukhalabe ndi chifukwa cha kusintha zonse majini, komanso recombination zawo zonse. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, asayansi wochititsa polymorphism majini ambiri, chifukwa osakaniza jini kungakhale miliyoni angapo.

kotunga lalikulu

Kuyambira chakudya yaikulu ya polymorphism zimatengera pa anatengera yabwino ya anthu kuti chilengedwe chatsopano, ndipo mu nkhani iyi, zamoyo ndi zambiri mofulumira. An ziyenera a chiwerengero cha alleles polymorphic ntchito njira za makolo chibadwa, palibe kuthekera othandiza. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti pamaso pa makamaka mbewu mu genotype imachitidwa ndi kudutsa anthu amene ali phenotypic makhalidwe osiyana kumatanthauza matupi athu. Ngati mukudziwa mmene anthu ena amapanga anthu ndi phenotypes osiyana, izo zimakhala zotheka chiwerengero cha alleles zimene zimakhudza mapangidwe khalidwe ndi.

Mmene onse anayamba?

Chibadwa anachuluka 60-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, kunali ndiye amene anayamba ntchito electrophoresis mapulotini kapena michere mu gel osakaniza, amene anatilola kudziwa polymorphism chibadwa. Kodi njira imeneyi? Ndi kupyolera mu izo zimayambitsa kayendedwe ka mapuloteni m'munda magetsi, potsata kukula kwa mapuloteni kusamutsidwa, kasinthidwe wake, ndi mtengo khoka magawo osiyanasiyana a gel osakaniza a. Ndiyeno malinga ndi malo ndipo chiwerengero cha mawanga kuti anju anagwira kudziwa chizindikiritso mankhwala. Kuonanso mapuloteni polymorphism mu anthu, ndi tifunika kufufuza 20 kapena kuposa loci. Kenako, pogwiritsa ntchito njira masamu anatsimikiza ndi nambala ya alleles, ndi chiŵerengero cha homo- ndi heterozygotes. Malinga ndi maphunziro ena majini kungakhale monomorphic, ndi ena - kwambiri polymorphous.

mitundu ya polymorphism

Lingaliro la polymorphism amakhudza kwambiri, kumaphatikizapo Transitional ndi moyenera Baibulo. Izo zimatengera kufunika kwa mbewu kusankha kusankha zamoyo, zomwe amaika kukakamiza anthu. Komanso, kungakhale jini ndi khromozomu.

Gene ndi chromosomal polymorphism

Gene polymorphism zikufotokozedwa mu thupi alleles chitsanzo kuposa wina yaikulu zingakhale magazi. Chromosomal amaimira kusiyana mu DNA omwe kumachitika chifukwa aberrations. M'chigawo heterochromatin pali kusiyana. Popeza kudwala kuti kumabweretsa kusokonezeka kapena chiwonongeko cha masinthidwe amenewa ndi ndale.

kusintha polymorphism

Kusintha polymorphism kumachitika pamene anthu ali m'malo allele, lomwe kale mwachizolowezi, wina amene amapereka wovalayo ake kusinthasintha wamkulu (wochedwanso angapo allelism). Pamene zosiyanasiyana imatsogoleredwa kosangalatsa mu kuchuluka genotypes, kumachitika chifukwa kusanduka, ndi mphamvu zake ikuchitika. Chodabwitsa makina mafakitale akhoza kukhala chitsanzo chabwino, zomwe zimaonetsa ndi polymorphism Transitional. Kodi izo zikusonyeza gulugufe osavuta kuti ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale zasintha mapiko ake woyera pa mdima. zodabwitsazi anayamba kucitika mu England, komwe mitundu yoposa 80 agulugufe pamaphulikaphulika njenjete wa wotumbululuka kirimu mtundu anakhala mdima, kwa nthawi yoyamba anaona pambuyo 1848 ku Manchester mogwirizana ndi kukula mofulumira mafakitale. Kale mu 1895, oposa 95% ya njenjete ndi ndapeza mtundu mdima wa mapiko. kusintha kumeneku kumagwirizana chakuti makungwa a mitengo anayamba utsi ndi kowala gulugufe mosavuta ndi Mbalame phwiti. Yasintha pa ndalama za alleles ZOOPSA melanistic.

moyenera polymorphism

Mawu akuti "polymorphism moyenera" amadziwika pakalibe aliyense n'zosangalatsa kumva magawanidwe kosangalatsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu chiwerengero genotypes kuti ndi wolimba mu zikhalidwe za malo okhala. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchokera mbadwo wina kufika alionse akanali yemweyo koma zingasiyane pang'ono mkati mtengo kuperekedwa, amene ali zonse. Poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa, zipangizozi polymorphism - ndichiyani? Iye kwenikweni malo amodzi zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko. I. I. Shmalgauzen mu 1940 nampatsa dzina la mgwirizano heteromorphism.

CHITSANZO moyenera polymorphism

Chitsanzo chabwino polymorphism moyenera kungakhale pamaso pa amuna ndi akazi awiri nyama zambiri monogamous. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ndi ofanana ubwino kusankha. The chiŵerengero cha iwo mwa anthu limodzi nthawi zonse wofanana. Ngati pali anthu mitala kusankha chiŵerengero cha amuna ndi akazi mododoma, zimene zinachitikira anthu a amuna okhaokha kapena akazi akhoza kukhala mwina inawonongedwa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa kubalana Pamlingo kuposa anyamata.

Chitsanzo china adzakhala magulu magazi a dongosolo AB0. Pankhaniyi, pafupipafupi genotypes osiyana mu anthu osiyana angakhale osiyana, koma pa ndime ndi ku mibadwomibadwo, sizisintha kugwirizana kwake. Mwachidule, palibe genotype alibe mwayi kusankha pa ena. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, anthu amene ali ndi gulu loyamba la magazi ndi apamwamba moyo amayembekezeka kuposa ena onse kugonana mphamvu ndi magulu ena magazi. Pa ndime imeneyi, chiopsezo chironda chachikulu matenda 12 mmatumbo chilonda pamaso pa gulu pamwambapa, koma n'zotheka perforated, ndipo adzakhala chifukwa cha nkhani ya mochedwa kuthandiza.

mgwirizano majini

embrittlement izi zikhoza kukhala linaphwanya mu anthu chifukwa cha masinthidwe akuwuka zokha, motero ayenera kukhala mbali imodzi ndi ku m'badwo uliwonse. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti polymorphisms imene imachititsa a dongosolo hemostatic, decoding amene amapereka kumvetsetsa mchitidwe wa chisinthiko kumathandiza kusintha kapena, Tikawonetsetsa chindiletsa zofunika kwambiri. Ngati ife amatsatira ndondomeko ZOOPSA kwa anthu anapatsidwa, n'zothekanso kuweruza kufunika kwake kwa anatengera. Iwo akhoza kukhala wolingana ndi chimodzi ngati masinthidwe mu ndondomeko kusankha si lilibe, ndi zolepheretsa kufalitsa kumeneko.

Nthawi zambiri zosonyeza kuti phindu la jini n'komwe, choncho kulephera kwa osinthika ndi kubereka konse izo zifika mpaka 0. Zamoyo zosinthidwa maselo a mtundu umenewu zikakokoloka padera m'kati kusankha zamoyo, koma zimenezi sizitanthauza amapatula kusintha mobwerezabwereza jini chomwecho chimene compensates kwa Kupha yomwe ikuchitika ndi kusankha. Ndiye mgwirizano kukufika, majini mutated angayambe, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa kutha. Zimenezi zimabweretsa moyenera.

Chitsanzo kuti akhoza zimaonetsa bwino zimene zikuchitika, - zenga selo magazi m'thupi. Pankhaniyi, wamphamvu mutated jini m'chigawo homozygous kumathandiza kuti msanga wa chamoyo. zamoyo Heterozygous kupulumuka, koma kuti atengeke matenda a malungo. Kusamala jini polymorphism zenga selo magazi m'thupi Tingaone m'munda wa matenda otentha. Mu anthu amenewa a homozygotes (anthu ndi chibadwa ofanana) kuletsedwa, pamodzi ndi kusankha chomveka mokomera heterozygotes (nsomba ndi majini osiyanasiyana). Chifukwa kusankha zimene zikuchitika ndi kuchuluka dziwe jini a anthu ati kukhala ndi mibadwo yonse genotypes, yomwe kusinthasintha bwino chamoyo kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Pamodzi ndi kukhalapo kwa chikwakwa-selo magazi m'thupi jini mu anthu ungwiro, pali mitundu ina imene imachititsa amakhala ndi polymorphism. Kodi amapereka? Yankho la funso limeneli adzakhala chodabwitsa heterosis.

masinthidwe Heterozygous ndi polymorphisms

Heterozygous polymorphism amapereka palibe kusintha phenotypic mu pamaso pa kusintha recessive, ngakhale zili zoipa. Koma pa ndime ndi kuti iwo akhoza kudziunjikira mu anthu kuti kofunikira kwambiri kuti akhoza kupitiliza zoipa masinthidwe lalikulu.

Sine qua osakhala a mchitidwe wa chisinthiko

Mchitidwe wa chisinthiko ndi mosalekeza, ndi chikhalidwe chake kukhala ndi polymorphism. Ndichiyani - limasonyeza kusinthasintha zonse kusinthasintha anthu kuti chilengedwe chawo. Hetero zamoyo kuti moyo mwa gulu Zingakhalenso m'chigawo heterozygous ndi kudutsa ku mibadwomibadwo kwa zaka zambiri. Pa ndime ndi mawu akuti phenotypic wa iwo sangakhale - likuvutika ndi malo lalikulu la masiyanidwe chibadwa.

fibrinogen jini

Nthawi zambiri ofufuza ankachitira fibrinogen jini polymorphism monga chikhalidwe isanafike pa chitukuko cha sitiroko ischemic. Koma panthawi Amaonetsa nkhani imene majini ndi kuthi akhoza mphamvu zawo pa chitukuko cha matenda. Mtundu uwu wa sitiroko akufotokozera chifukwa thrombosis ya mitsempha oziziritsa, ndiponso mwa kuphunzira jini polymorphism wa fibrinogen, tikhoza kumvetsa zambiri njira zokhudza kuti matenda angathe kupewedwa. Pofotokoza majini kusintha ndi magazi magawo amuzolengedwa panopa bwino bwino kwa asayansi. maphunziro kowonjezereka kulimbikitsa njira ya matenda, kusintha yake kapena kungoti kum'chenjeza pa siteji oyambirira chitukuko.