Radon ndi chiyani? Mchitidwe gulu la 18 la tebulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala D. I. Mendeleeva

Tikaganizira za chitukuko mofulumira akatswiri sayansi anasonyeza nkhawa za kusowa ukhondo propaganda cheza mwa anthu. Akatswiri akuganiza kuti zaka khumi zotsatira "radiological umbuli" zingachititse chitetezo chenicheni kuopseza anthu ndiponso dziko.

Wakupha Chete

M'zaka XVΙ madokotala European sakudziwabe imfa abnormally mkulu wa matenda a m'mapapo mwa ogwira ntchito mu mgodi popanga chitsulo, zitsulo m'munsi ndi siliva. Bakuman matenda lotchedwa "okwera matenda", anagunda Anthuwa nthawi makumi asanu kuposa munthu wamba mwa msewu. Only pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, Atapeza radon, izo chimatengedwa ngati chifukwa cha kukondoweza chitukuko cha Anthuwa khansa ya m'mapapo Germany ndi Czech Republic.

radon ndi chiyani? Pokhapokha ngati ali ndi zoyipa pa thupi la munthu? Kuti tiyankhe mafunso amenewa, tiyenera kukumbukira mbiri ya anapeza ndi kuphunzira elementi mwachinsinsi.

Emanation - amatanthauza "atapita"

Radon imatengedwa mpainiya wa English sayansi Ernest Rutherford. M'chaka 1899 zinaonekeratu kuti formulations ndi zochokera thorium lolemera koma α-particles zimatulutsa mpweya colorless, imbaenda chinawonjezeka mpweya wa poizoni zachilengedwe. kafukufuku ananena emanation ankaimbidwa wa thorium chuma (by emanation (balati) -. atapita) ndipo anatuma pagalimoto kalata lakuti zigwireni. Similar emanation yodziwika monga Analandira. Mbali yoyamba, izo limatulutsa mafuta wotchedwa thoron, lachiwiri - radon.

M'tsogolo, tinatha kutsimikizira kuti mpweya ndi radionuclides cha zinthu zatsopano. Unikani izo mu maonekedwe ake angwiro kwa nthawi yoyamba anakwanitsa sayansi Scotland, Nobel (1904) William Ramsay (ndi Vitlou Gray) mu 1908. Patatha zaka zisanu amafotokozera komaliza dzina la munakhala radon ndi zizindikiro RN.

radon ndi chiyani?

Mu tebulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala D. I. Mendeleeva radon ndi gulu 18. Ali ndi atomiki chiwerengero z = 86.

Onse isotopes analipo a radon (zoposa 35, ndi manambala misa ku 195 kwa 230) ndi nyukiliya ndi kuwayimilira ngozi anthu. Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu inayi ma atomu a mchitidwe wa. Onsewo ali mbali ya zachilengedwe nyukiliya mndandanda actinouranium, thorium ndi ureniamu - Analandira. Ena isotopes maina awo ndi mwambo mbiri, amatchedwa emanations:

• actinium - actinon ²¹⁹ RN;
• thorium - ²²⁰ thoron RN;
• Analandira - radon ²²² RN.

Last yodziwika ndi mtendere apamwamba. Hafu ya moyo wa radon ²²² RN - maola 91,2 (masiku 3.82). Pa azilandira boma isotopes otsala amayezedwa masekondi ndi milliseconds. Mu oipa ndi umuna wa α-particles aumbike isotopes wa polonium. Mwa njira, mu phunziro la asayansi radon ayambirira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma atomu a chinthu chomwecho akutchedwa isotopes ndipo kenako (kuchokera Greek kuti "ofanana", "chomwecho").

thupi katundu ndi mankhwala

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, radon - mpweya ndi colorless ndi odorless, amene pamaso zitha anatsimikiza ndi zipangizo zapadera. Kachulukidwe - 9,81 g / L. Kodi yakula (mpweya ndi opepuka kuposa nthawi 7.5), ndi rarest ndi mtengo koposa zonse dziko mpweya kudziwika.

Ndi sungunuka m'madzi (460 ml ya / l), koma radon solubility ndi apamwamba kwambiri mu mankhwala organic. Iwo ali zotsatira za kuwala chifukwa cha mkulu mpweya wa poizoni achilengedwe. Kwa gaseous ndi madzi boma (pa kutentha m'munsimu -62˚S) khalidwe buluu luminescence, crystalline (m'munsimu -71˚S) - chikasu kapena lalanje-wofiira.

Chemical mapangidwe a radon chifukwa chake cha gulu la inert ( "wolemekezeka") mpweya. Iye amakhala ndi mankhwala anachita ndi mpweya, fluorine ndi ena mwa halogens ena.

Komano, kusokonekera pakati amafotokozera ndi gwero la particles zopatsa mphamvu pofikira pa zinthu zambiri. Ndinakumana radon kumabweretsa kudetsa galasi ndi dongo linawola madzi mu mpweya, hydrogen ndi Mpweya umene wawononga paraffin ndi Vaselini, ndi zina zotero. D.

Kupeza radon

Kupeza radon isotope mwadya pa chinthu zokwanira munali Analandira mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena, mtsinje mpweya. Ndende mpweya mu ndege adzakhala anakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zambiri thupi (chinyezi, kutentha), ndi crystalline dongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zikuchokera, porosity, pachilichonse, ndipo akhoza zimasiyana tizigawo ting'onoting'ono mpaka 100%. Childs zothetsera ntchito Analandira mankhwala enaake kapena bromide mu acid amathiridwa. Olimba zinthu porous ntchito kwambiri kamodzikamodzi, ngakhale radon adzamasulidwa ku yomweyo zotsukira.

The chifukwa osakaniza mpweya lidzayeretsedwa ndi nthunzi ya madzi, mpweya ndi wa hydrogen, ndi kudutsa izo kupyolera gululi otentha mkuwa. The zotsalira (1/25000 buku original) anali Zachepetsedwa mpweya madzi ndi zosafunika achotsedwa ku condensate asafe, helium, ndi mipweya mfulu.

Kumbukirani: onse pa dziko chaka azimva yekha angapo masentimita kiyubiki wa mankhwala mchitidwe radon.

Kufalitsa m'chilengedwe

The mtima wa Analandira, umene ndi fission mankhwala a radon nayenso popangidwa ndi oipa a ureniamu. Choncho, ndiwo radon - dothi ndi mchere munali ureniamu ndi thorium. Ndende apamwamba zinthu izi mu igneous, nyanja, metamorphic miyala, shales mafic. Radon mpweya chifukwa inertia awo mosavuta masamba galasi latisi mchere ndi voids ndi ming'alu mu matanthwe a pansi padziko mosavuta akupempha mtunda zikuluzikulu ataima mu mlengalenga.

Komanso pansi mizhplastovi kusamba madzi ngati mtundu mosavuta zimalimbikitsa radon. Radon madzi ndi katundu yake yeniyeni ntchito mwa munthu yaitali asanatulukire kuti mchitidwe wa.

Bwenzi kapena mdani?

Ngakhale zikwi nkhani za sayansi ndi otchuka zolembedwa za mafuta izi nyukiliya kungoyankha ku funso lakuti: "radon Kodi ndi chiyani kufunika kwake kwa anthu?" N'zovuta. Pamaso ofufuza masiku ano mavuto osachepera awiri. Choyamba n'chakuti m'munda cheza radon pa nkhani wamoyo ndi zonse zoipa ndi zothandiza amafotokozera. The chachiwiri - chosowa odalirika kujambula ndi polojekiti njira. Panopa alipo zoyesera radon mu mlengalenga, ngakhale masiku ambiri ndi zowopsya, pamene mobwerezabwereza miyezo zingabweretse zotsatira zosiyana ndi kangapo.

Mosamala, radon!

Mlingo waukulu wa poizoni (pa 70%) mu moyo wa munthu afika mwa ndondomeko ya radionuclides zachilengedwe monga udindo kutsogolera a colorless mpweya radon. Malinga ndi malo Hrs a dongosolo zogona chake, "athandizira" kungakhale kwa 30 60%. A kuchuluka zonse wosakhazikika isotopes chinthu choopsa mu mlengalenga anakhalabe inflow apitirize formations lapansi. Radon ali katundu zosasangalatsa kudziunjikira mu zogona ndi anthu nyumba, kumene ndende zake angadwale ndi makumi ndi maulendo ambirimbiri. Pakuti ngozi thanzi la munthu si kwambiri mpweya nyukiliya monga isotopes zotakasika wa polonium Po ²¹⁴ ndi Po ^218, chifukwa azingokhala ake. Iwo ankakhulupirira mu thupi kulimbikitsa zimawononga mkati α-cheza pa minofu.

Kuwonjezera kuukira mphumu wa breathlessness ndi boma maganizo chizungulire komanso kupweteka kwa mutu, ndi zinadzala ndi chitukuko cha khansa ya m'mapapo. Gulu chiopsezo zikuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito m'migodi ureniamu ndi miyala-kuvala zomera, volcanologists, radonoterapevty anthu m'madera ovutika ndi ena ofanana mkulu radon mu matanthwe a pansi padziko ndi madzi artesian, radon spas. Kudziwa za madera amenewa chifukwa cha radon mapu chiopsezo ntchito njira za miyala ndi cheza-ukhondo.

Kumbukirani: akukhulupirira kuti kukhudzana radon ali chikwiyire imfa khansa ya m'mapapo mu 1916, ku Scotland kafukufuku William Ramsay mchitidwe uwu.

njira Security

M'zaka khumi zapitazo, kutsatira chitsanzo cha anansi Western zofunika chochitika antiradon anayamba kufalitsa mu mayiko a CIS kale. Panali malamulo (SanPiN 2.6.1., The ankapitabe olowa 2.6.1.) Ndi zofunika bwino kuonetsetsa cheza chitetezo cha anthu.

The miyeso waukulu mpweya nthaka chitetezo ndi zachilengedwe cheza monga:

• Zokuzira pa dothi mobisa apansi matabwa monolithic slab simenti ndi maziko macadam ndi kumatira odalirika.
• Kupereka kumatheka mpweya chapansi ndi chapansi danga, mpweya wa nyumba zogona.
• Madzi oyenda mu khitchini ndi zimbudzi, ayenera pansi fyuluta wapadera, ndipo zipinda okha zili ndi zipangizo amakakamizidwa utsi.

Radiomeditsina

radon Kodi makolo athu sankadziwa, koma apakavalo akadali ulemerero wa Genghis Khan anachiritsidwa zilonda zawo madzi Belokurikha (Altai), ladzala ndi mpweya izi. Mfundo yakuti microdozes radon kuli ndi ubwino pa ziwalo zofunika ndi dongosolo chapakati mantha. Ndinakumana ndi madzi radon kufulumizitsa kagayidwe, walola zimakhala kuonongeka kuchira msanga, wabwinobwino ntchito mtima ndi magazi, kumalimbitsa mitsempha.

Resorts phiri Madera a Caucasus (Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk), Austria (Gastein), Czech Republic (Jachymov, Karlovy Siyanitsani), Germany (Baden-Baden), Japan (misasa) kale anali choyenera kutchuka. mankhwala amakono kupatula osambira radon amapereka chithandizo mu mawonekedwe a ulimi wothirira, inhalation, kuyang'aniridwa okhwima katswiri yoyenera.

Utumiki wa anthu

Mbali mpweya radon si mankhwala amodzi okha. Luso isotopes cha mchitidwe kumamatira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zipangizo muyeso wa mlingo wa nonuniformity wa pamalo zitsulo ndi zokongoletsa. Kupanga zitsulo ndi galasi radon akutumikira kulamulira otaya njira. Atatero, ikuchitika mwa masks ndi chitetezo mankhwala kwa kuchucha.

Mu geophysics, nthaka ndi njira zambiri kufufuza ndi Kupezeka kwa madipoziti mchere ndi ores nyukiliya zochokera ntchito kafukufuku radon. Malinga ndi ndende ya isotopes wa radon m'nthaka akhoza adzaweruzidwa pa permeability ndi osalimba wa formations thanthwe. Radon kuyan'anila zinthu amayang'ana zingamuthandize mawu a akuneneratu zivomezi m'tsogolo.

Tikukhulupirira kuti mavuto obwera chifukwa cha radon anthu adakali kupirira ndi mchitidwe nyukiliya adzabweretsa alionse padziko lonse ubwino yekha.