Sayansi michere. Kapangidwe, katundu ndi ntchito

Selo la chamoyo chilichonse wamoyo, mamilioni a zochita mankhwala chichitike. Aliyense wa iwo ndi yofunika kwambiri, n'kofunika kukhala liwiro njira kwachilengedwenso pa mlingo mkulu. Pafupifupi anachita ndi catalyzed ndi puloteni ake. Kodi michere? udindo wawo mu khola ndi chiyani?

Michere. tanthauzo

Mawu akuti "enzyme" lachokera ku Latin fermentum - chotupitsa. Iwonso adzatchedwa michere kuchokera Greek paulendo zyme - "mu leaps ndi malire."

Michere - zinthu biologically yogwira, choncho anachita iliyonse zikuchitika muchipindachi, simungakhoze kuchita popanda iwo. mankhwala awa zinthu monga catalysts. Choncho, enzyme aliyense ali katundu ziwiri zikuluzikulu:

1) puloteni Iyamba zimene amuzolengedwa, koma simudzathedwa.

2) Mtengo wa mgwirizano zonse sasintha, koma Iyamba kukwaniritsa mtengo uwu.

Michere kufulumizitsa zosiyanasiyana amuzolengedwa mu zikwi, ndi zina, miliyoni nthawi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitili pa dongosolo enzyme njira zonse okhudza maselo ambiri ali inatsala pang'ono, ndi selo yokha afa. Choncho, udindo wa michere monga yogwira zosakaniza ndi mkulu.

A zosiyanasiyana michere limachititsa kusiyanitsa zonse kagayidwe selo. Mu kugwa aliyense mosiyanasiyana kutenga mbali makalasi yosiyanasiyana ya michere. catalysts Tizilombo ndi selectivity mkulu kupyolera conformation enieni molekyulu ndi. T. Kuti. Nthawi zambiri ma enzyme ndi mapuloteni mu chikhalidwe, ali ukachenjede kapena quaternary dongosolo. Chifukwa chake kachiwiri kulunjika wa molekyulu ndi.

Ntchito michere mu selo

Ntchito yaikulu ya enzyme ndi - mathamangitsidwe lolingana anachita. njira iliyonse kugwa, kuyambira kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide ndi kutha glycolysis, amafuna pamaso pa chothandizira kwachilengedwenso.

kugwira bwino ntchito michere akwaniritsa mkulu kulunjika ku gawo lapansi yeniyeni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chothandizira zitha imathandizira ena anachita ndi kenanso, ngakhale ofanana kwambiri. Ndi mlingo wa kulunjika wa enzyme, ndi magulu otsatirawa:

1) michere ndi kulunjika mtheradi pamene catalyzed okha anachita chimodzi chokha. Mwachitsanzo, collagenase chimagaya kolajeni ndi maltase cleaves maltose.

2) michere ndi kulunjika wachibale. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu zina zimene catalyze kalasi ena mosiyanasiyana Mwachitsanzo, hydrolytic pogawanikana pamawere.

biocatalyst ntchito limayamba ndi kugwirizana malo ake yogwira ntchito gawo lapansi ndi. Pa nthawi yomweyo kulankhula za mogwirizana ndi wowonjezera ofanana loko ndi kiyi. Izi amatanthauza machesi zonse ndi gawo lapansi ndi imagwiritsidwa pakati zambiri, ndipo zimenezi zimathandiza kuti imathandizira anachita.

Sitepe yotsatira imakhala mu njira zotani. liwiro lake ukuwonjezeka ndi zochita za zovuta enzyme. Pomaliza, timachotsa enzyme, amene amagwirizana ndi mankhwala anachita.

chomaliza - kuchotsa zinthu zimachititsa enzyme, ndipo kenako malo yogwira kamodzinso asadzakhale ntchito ina.

Schematically, ntchito ya enzyme iliyonse siteji akhoza kulembedwa monga:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, kumene S - ndi gawo lapansi, E - enzyme, ndi P - mankhwala.

gulu la michere

Mu thupi, mungapeze ambiri michere. nzeru zonse za ntchito yawo yolalikira anali systematized, ndi chifukwa panali gulu wamba, amene inu mosavuta kudziwa zimene ndi chothandizira makamaka. Nawa magulu sikisi zoyambirira za michere, komanso zitsanzo za subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Michere a kalasi catalyze zochita redox. Total anachira 17 kum'mwera kwa magulu. Oxidoreductases amakhala sanali mapuloteni gawo anapereka vitamini kapena heme.

Pakati oxidoreductases nthawi zambiri anapeza subgroups zotsatirazi:

a) Dehydrogenase. Sayansi-dehydrogenase enzyme ndi anadziphatika maatomu hydrogen ndi posamutsa kuti gawo lapansi wina. subgroup Izi ambiri mu zochita za kupuma, photosynthesis. Monga mbali ya dehydrogenase ndi kwenikweni pano mu mawonekedwe a coenzyme nad / NADH kapena flavoproteins potengera anzawo / FMN. Nthawi zambiri pali zitsulo ayoni. Zitsanzo ndi ma enzyme monga tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, komanso ambiri chiwindi michere (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, ndi zina zotero. D.).

b) oxidases. zingapo michere catalyze Kuwonjezera mpweya wa hydrogen, umene mankhwala zimene zikhoza kukhala madzi kapena hydrogen peroxide (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Zitsanzo za michere ya cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase ndi catalase - michere kuti catalyze kuwonongeka H ₂ O ₂ madzi ndi mpweya.

g) oxygenase. biocatalysts izi imathandizira mpweya ubwenzi gawo lapansi ndi. Dofamingidroksilaza - chitsanzo cha michere amenewa.

2. Transferases.

Chandamale michere ya gulu ili kulanda ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ku thunthu la thunthu woperekayo kuti wolandila.

a) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - michere omwe kulamulira ndondomeko ya DNA kugawanika. Methylation nucleotides chimachititsa kwambiri mu lamulo la ntchito mkati acid.

b) acyltransferase. Michere ya subgroup lino kusamutsidwa kwa kam'bulu kamodzi kwa gulu lina acyl. Zitsanzo acyltransferases: lecithin-mafuta acyltransferase (amanyamula zinchito gulu ndi mafuta asidi pa mafuta), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (acyl gulu kunditumiza ku lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - michere kuti zimakhudzidwa kutembenuka kwa amino zidulo. Zitsanzo za michere alanine aminotransferase amene catalyzes kaphatikizidwe wa alanine ku pyruvate ndi glutamate posamutsa ndi kwa amino gulu.

g) phosphotransferase. Michere catalyze Kuwonjezera ili kum'mwera kwa gulu la gulu mankwala. Wina dzina phosphotransferase kinase, ndi ofala. Zitsanzo ndi ma enzyme monga hexokinase ndi aspartate, amene anaphatikiza zatsalira hexose mankwala (makamaka shuga), ndi asidi aspartic , motero.

3. Hydrolases - gulu la michere kuti catalyze ndi pogawanikana pamawere kumangidwa mu molekyulu ndi, kenako Kuwonjezera madzi. Zinthu za gulu - waukulu m'mimba enzyme.

a) esterases - ndisiye Ester. Mwachitsanzo - lipases kuti kuphwanya mafuta.

b) glycosidases. Sayansi michere nkhani imeneyi chagona pa chiwonongeko cha kumangidwa glycoside wa ma polima (oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides). Zitsanzo: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - michere kuti catalyze kuwonongedwa kwa mapuloteni ndi kwa amino zidulo. michere Peptidase zokhudzana monga pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - Mamatirani amide kumangigwa. Zitsanzo: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase etc. ambiri amidase michere zimapezeka mkombero ornithine.

4. Lyases - michere kuti ntchito zofanana hydrolases Koma mu pogawanikana pamawere kumangidwa mu mamolekyulu simudzathedwa madzi. Michere a kalasi nthawi zonse ndi mbali ya gawo sanali mapuloteni, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe a mavitamini B1 ndi B6.

a) decarboxylase. michere imeneyi kanthu pa C-C muzikondana. Zitsanzo ndi glutamic asidi decarboxylase kapena pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase ndi dehydratase - michere kuti catalyze ndi pogawanikana pamawere a C-O kumangigwa.

c) The amidine-lyases - kuwononga C-N muzikondana. Chitsanzo: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. michere amenewa kawirikawiri lamamatira ndi mankwala gulu ku mfundo gawo lapansi. CHITSANZO: adenylyl cyclase.

Sayansi ya michere zochokera dongosolo awo

Luso lililonse enzyme anatsimikiza ndi munthu, yekha dongosolo lake mwachibadwa. enzyme iliyonse - makamaka zakudya zomanga thupi, ndi matabwa ake ndi digiri ya kungomanga kumathandiza kwambiri kudziwa ntchito yake.

Aliyense biocatalyst amakhala ndi pamaso pa malo yogwira, amene nawonso, lagawidwa m'madera angapo osiyana zinchito:

1) othandizira Center - chigawo wapadera zomanga thupi, imene enzyme kutsatira gawo lapansi ndi. Malinga conformation ya mapuloteni molekyulu malo othandizira akhoza kutenga zosiyanasiyana zomwe zogwirizana ndi gawo lapansi komanso loko ndi kiyi. Chotero dongosolo zovuta likusonyeza kuti enzyme mapuloteni ndi boma ukachenjede kapena quaternary.

2) kumamatira Center - akutumikira monga "chofukizira". Apa, choyamba kulankhulana zonse zikuchitika pakati molekyulu enzyme ndi gawo lapansi molekyulu. Komabe, kugwirizana kuti ndipamene pakati kumamatira, ofooka kwambiri, motero anachita othandizira ndi kusintha panthawi imeneyi.

3) malo Allosteric akhoza ili pakati yogwira, ndi kudutsa padziko lonse wa enzyme ndi. Ntchito yawo - lamulo enzyme ndi. Lamulo kumachitika kudzera mamolekyulu zoletsa ndi activators mamolekyulu.

The activator mapuloteni kumanga kuti molekyulu enzyme, imathandizira kugwira ntchito. Zoletsa M'malo mwake, ziletsa ntchito othandizira, ndipo zimenezi zingachitikire m'njira ziwiri: kapena molekyulu chimamanga ku dera pakati allosteric wa pakati yogwira enzyme ndi (mpikisano chopinga) kapena amamangiriridwa ku dera lina la mapuloteni (noncompetitive chopinga). Mpikisano chopinga imatengedwa aluso. Pambuyo danga Choncho chatsekedwa kwa gawo lapansi kumanga kwa enzyme, ndi ndondomeko zimenezi zimatheka zinachitikira mwangozi pafupifupi lathunthu la woletsa molekyulu ndi kupanga malo yogwira.

Puloteni zambiri sichimapangidwa amino zidulo, komanso zinthu zina organic ndi zochita kupanga. Choncho, akutali apoenzyme - proteinaceous gawo coenzyme - organic moiety ndi cofactor - gawo zochita kupanga. Coenzyme akhoza ankaimira ulgevodami, mafuta, zidulo mkati mavitamini. Nawonso co-chinthu - zambiri akuthandiza zitsulo ayoni. ntchito puloteni anatsimikiza ndi matabwa ake: zinthu zoonjezerapo m'gulu zikuchokera sangasinthe katundu othandizira. zosiyanasiyanazo michere - chifukwa cha osakaniza mfundo zonsezi kupanga zovuta.

Lamulo ntchito ya michere

Michere ngati chikhazikitso biologically yogwira si nthawi zonse kuti thupi. Sayansi ya michere ndi kuti akadzitamandire zinachitikira kwambiri catalysis zoipa maselo amoyo. Pofuna kupewa mavuto pa thupi michere zofunika mwanjira zonse ntchito yawo.

T. Kuti. Michere ndi mapuloteni mu chikhalidwe, iwo mosavuta anawonongedwa pa kutentha. denaturation ndondomeko ndi kusintha, koma mwina kwambiri bwanji thunthu.

pH nalonso yofunika kwambiri mu malamulowo. ntchito pazipita enzyme ambiri anamuona pH ndale (7,0-7,2). Komanso ali ndi michere kuti ndizigwira m'mikhalidwe acidic kapena okha zamchere. Motero, lysosomes ma anakhalabe otsika pH, pa zimene yayikulu ntchito michere hydrolytic. Mu chochitika cha kukhudzana mwangozi ndi cytoplasm, kumene chilengedwe ndi kuyandikira kwa ndale, ntchito yawo adzakhala ndichepe. chitetezo choterocho ku "samopoedaniya" zachokera mbali hydrolase lapansi.

Ndi ponena za kufunika coenzyme ndi cofactor mu zikuchokera michere wofunika. Kupezeka kwa mavitamini kapena ayoni zitsulo kwambiri bwanji kugwira ntchito zina michere yeniyeni.

Nomenclature wa michere

michere zonse za thupi ndi woyitanidwa ku wachokera chawo kwa aliyense wa magulu, komanso gawo lapansi ndi zomwe iwo akuchitira. Nthawi zina za nomenclature mwadongosolo ntchito awiri a gawo lapansi mu mutu.

Zitsanzo za mayina a ena michere:

1. Chiwindi michere: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. Full dzina mwadongosolo enzyme ndi: lactate + nad-aza -oksidoredukt.

Ligwiritse zazing'ono mayina, amene satsatira malamulo a nomenclature. Zitsanzo ndi m'mimba michere: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

The ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe wa michere

Ntchito ya michere ofunitsitsa ngakhale pa mlingo chibadwa. Popeza molekyulu ndi yaikulu -. Mapuloteni, ndi kaphatikizidwe ake ali chimodzimodzi monga njira ya galamafoniyo ndipo yomasulira.

Kaphatikizidwe michere kumachitika motere. Poyamba, DNA kuwerenga zambiri za enzyme adafuna kupanga mRNA. Mtumiki RNA encodes zidulo zonse kwa amino amene ali mbali ya enzyme ndi. Lamulo michere zingachitikenso pa mlingo DNA, ngati mankhwala zotani catalyzed zokwanira oyima jini galamafoniyo ndipo m'malo mwake, ngati pali kufunika mu mankhwala, izo imayendetsa ndondomeko galamafoniyo.

Pamene mRNA kanatuluka cytoplasm, ndi gawo lina lotsatira - wailesi. Pa ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum apanga unyolo chachikulu ongokhala amino zidulo zogwirizana ndi nsinga peputayidi. Komabe, mapuloteni ataunika kapangidwe chachikulu sathabe ntchito yake enzymatic.

Ntchito enzyme amadalira nyumba mapuloteni. Chomwecho EPS mapuloteni zimachitika kupotoza, potero kupanga loyamba yachiwiri kenako ukachenjede dongosolo. The kaphatikizidwe zina michere ndi anaima pa nthawi imeneyi, koma kupititsa patsogolo ntchito chothandizira zambiri zofunika kuphatikana ndi cofactor coenzyme.

M'madera ena a reticulum endoplasmic akubwera Ufumuyo zigawo organic cha enzyme ndi: dzuwa, zidulo mkati mafuta ndi mavitamini. Ena michere sangagwire popanda pamaso pa coenzyme lapansi.

Cofactor imathandiza kwambiri mu mapangidwe a dongosolo quaternary mapuloteni ndi. Ena mwa ntchito za michere zilipo kokha pamene mapuloteni ankalamulira gulu. Choncho n'kofunika kwambiri kuti kukhalapo quaternary awo dongosolo imene polumikiza kugwirizana pakati globules angapo mapuloteni ndi ion zitsulo.

mitundu angapo a michere

Pali zinthu pamene kuli kofunikira kukhalapo kwa michere angapo kuti catalyze anachita chomwecho, koma amasiyana mzake zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, enzyme akhoza ntchito pa madigiri 20, koma pa 0 digiri, iye sangathe kugwira ntchito yake. Kodi kuchita zimenezo, thupi wamoyo pa otsika kutentha?

vutoli mosavuta anathana ndi kukhalapo kwa michere angapo kuti catalyze anachita chomwecho, koma m'malo osiyanasiyana ntchito. Pali mitundu iwiri ya mitundu angapo a michere:

1. Isoenzymes. mapulotini oterowo ndiyotengera ndi chibadwa osiyana, iwo wapangidwa zidulo osiyana kwa amino, koma catalyze anachita chimodzimodzi.
2. N'zoona mitundu angapo. mapulotini awa wolembedwa kuchokera jini chomwecho, koma limapezeka pa mapeputisayidi ribosomes kusinthidwa. Pa linanena bungwe opangidwa njira zosiyanasiyana za enzyme chomwecho.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira zosiyanasiyana za mtundu woyamba aumbike pa mlingo chibadwa, pamene lachiwiri - pa positi-translational.

kutanthauza michere

Ntchito michere mankhwala wotsika nkhani ya mankhwala atsopano, monga gawo limene zinthu kale zedi lamanja. Asayansi sanapezebe njira yotithandiza kaphatikizidwe wa kusowa michere mu thupi, koma tsopano inafalitsidwa mankhwala chingathandize nthawi ya sangathe awo.

michere osiyanasiyana mu chipinda catalyze ambiri zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ntchito yokonza moyo. M'modzi wa ophunzira awa enizmov nucleases gulu: endonuclease ndi exonuclease. ntchito yawo ndi kukhala ndi mlingo zonse zidulo mkati mwa khungu, kuchotsa DNA zowonongeka ndi RNA.

Musaiwale za chodabwitsa clotting magazi. Ngati muyeso bwino chitetezo ndondomeko umalamulidwa ndi chiwerengero cha ma enzyme. Chief mwa iwo thrombin, amene otembenuka anafooka mapuloteni fibrinogen mu Ulimbo yogwira. ulusi wake amalenga mtundu wa maukonde kuti occludes chotengera choipa malo, potero popewa magazi kwambiri imfa.

Michere ntchito winemaking, moŵa, kupanga zinthu zambiri mkaka. Mowa kwa shuga yisiti angagwiritsidwe ntchito Komabe, yatsoka bwino ndondomeko imeneyi ndi kuchotsa chokwanira cha iwo.

Zosangalatsa za zomwe Simudali kuzidziwa

- Onse a michere thupi ndi chachikulu misa - 5,000 1,000,000 Da. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni mu molekyulu ndi. Yerekezerani, kulemera maselo a shuga - 180 Inde, ndi mpweya - okwana 44 Inde.

- Kuti tsiku, anatsegula zoposa 2000 michere kuti zimapezeka maselo a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ambiri mwa mankhwala awa ali asanamvetsetse.

- ntchito puloteni ntchito chopezera ogwira kusamba ufa. Apa, michere kukwaniritsa udindo mofanana mu thupi: iwo kuphwanya organic nkhani, ndi katundu zimathandiza mawanga nkhondo. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito detergent ngati pa kutentha osati kuposa madigiri 50, mwinamwake zikuyendere kwa ndondomeko denaturation.

- Malinga ndi zomwe, 20% ya anthu padziko lonse amadwala kupanda aliyense wa michere ndi.

- About katundu wa michere kudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali, koma 1897, anthu anazindikira kuti si yisiti ndi Tingafinye ku maselo awo angagwiritsidwe ntchito nayonso mphamvu ya shuga mu mowa.