The anayambitsa njira cathartic a misala Breyer Yozef: yonena ntchito ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Breyer Yozef - ndi dokotala ku Australia physiologist, amene Sigmund Freud ndi ena otchedwa tate wa psychoanalysis. Iye anali wokhoza kuchiritsa odwala ndi zizindikiro chipwirikiti pambuyo anamupepetula kuti amuthandize kukumbukira zinthu zosasangalatsa m'mbuyomu. Iye analankhula za njira zake ndi zotsatira kuti Sigmund Freud, nampatsa odwala awo.

Yozef Breyer: yonena

Anabadwa pa 01.15.1842 mu Vienna ndipo anafera pomwepo 20/06/1925. Atate Yozefa Leopold (1791-1872) anali katswiri wa chipembedzo ntchito ndi anthu Viennese Ayuda. Breuer ananena kuti otsatira "wa m'badwo wa East European Ayuda, amene choyamba anatuluka ghetto laluntha pa mlengalenga wa dziko Western."

mayi ake anamwalira iye ali pafupi zaka zinai, ndi zaka zoyambirira za moyo Breyer Yozef anakhala ndi agogo ake. Atate kumulangiza kuti eyiti, ndiyeno iye analowa maphunziro zolimbitsa thupi mu Vienna, maphunziro mu 1858. Chaka chotsatira, pambuyo kudutsa njira ya maphunziro University, Yozef Breyer kupita kusukulu zachipatala pa University of Vienna ndi maphunziro kuphunzira zachipatala mu 1867. Mu chaka chomwecho, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo mayeso, anakhala wothandizira dokotala Johann Oppolzer. Anamwalira mu 1871, Breuer anayamba wake mchitidwe payekha.

Best Vienna dokotala

Mu 1875, Breuer anakhala pulofesa wothandizira wa mankhwala. Iye anasiya malo ake July 7, 1885, pamene iye anakana mwayi kwa wodwalayo ndi zolinga za maphunziro. Iye anakana kulola dokotalayo Billroth asankhe iye mutu wa pulofesa. ubwenzi wake ofunda ndi luso zachipatala anali silikuyenda bwino.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Breuer wakhala anazindikira pamene mmodzi mwa madokotala abwino ndi asayansi Vienna. Ntchito anakhala chidwi chachikulu, ngakhale kamodzi akudzitcha yekha "onse ogwira ntchito", anali chimene lero amatchedwa dokotala. Lingaliro la mbiri ya Breuer angapereke chakuti panali aphunzitsi ambiri Medical luso, komanso Sigmund Freud ndi nduna ya Hungary yaikulu pakati odwala. Mu 1894 iye anali kusankhidwa Vienna Academy of Sciences, za maganizo a anthu ake olemekezeka, wasayansi Ernsta Maha ndipo physiologists Evalda Geringa ndi Sigmund Exner.

moyo

May 20, 1868 Breyer Yozef anakwatira Matilda Altmann, amene anam'berekera ana asanu: Robert, Bertha Hammershlyag Margaret Schiff, Hans ndi Dora. mwana Breuer ndi Dora anadzipha, safuna kutengeka ndi Anazi. Iwo anapha mdzukulu wake Hana Breuer Schiff. Ena mwa ana ake moyo mu England, Canada ndi United States.

ntchito yasayansi

Breyer Yozef anaphunzira mankhwala Vienna ndipo analandira digiri wake mu 1864. Anaphunzira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa thermoregulation ndi kupuma (Hering-Breuer reflex). Mu 1871 anayamba ntchito yake mu Vienna. Pa nthawi yomweyo imachitika kafukufuku pa ntchito ya khutu wamkati (Mach-Breuer chiphunzitso cha otaya madzimadzi endolymphatic). Kukhala dokotala mu 1874, anabwerera maphunziro ake 1884.

Breuer anali bwenzi la dokotala banja ndi mamembala ena a College Aphunzitsi a Vienna ndi likulu mkulu anthu. Iye anapitiriza lokwanira ndi amisiri, olemba, nzeru ena, zamaganizo ndi anzake m'munda mwanu, ndipo mu 1894 anali osankhidwa membala lolingana wa Academy of Sciences.

woweruza wabwino wa nzeru, Breyer Yozef chidwi ndi chiphunzitso cha nzeru ndi ongolankhula maziko a Darwin, amene zikutsimikiziridwa ndi sachita mu msonkhano mu 1902 ndi kuuzana makalata ndi Franz von Brentano. Iye anali ophunzira yogwira mu zokambirana za ndizosowa ndale ndi mfundo, komanso pokambirana za luso, mabuku ndi nyimbo.

Monga ŵakusanga ndi anaphatikizana Myuda, iye anatenga mtundu wa pantheism, adzipangira pa Goethe ndi Gustav Teodora Fehnera. limakhulupirira amalikonda anali kunena Spinoza Suum esse conservare ( «Save kukhalapo"). Iye amagwidwa ndi mawonekedwe a wosakhazikika ndipo izi William Makepeace Thackeray, "ziwanda" koma "amene anakakamizika iye kukayikira chilichonse chidziwitso chatsopano. Chifukwa kudziwa zambiri za mbiri za maganizo, mbiri ya zinthu za ndale komanso a m'nthawi yake, komanso pa zifukwa za moyo wake womwe, iye ankaganiza kuti kovuta kuchita zinthu zokayikitsa.

The pophunzira chinali Breuer mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kupeza ubale pakati pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito, chotero kuwulula teleological mtundu wa pempholo. Iye anali ndi chidwi ndi ndondomeko zolimbana mwa mawonekedwe a asilikali kudziletsa. Mosiyana angapo physiologists mu otchedwa kayendedwe biofizikalistov, motsogozedwa ndi Ernst Brücke, Hermann Von Helmholtz ndi Du Bois-Reymond, Breuer ankakhulupirira kuti Wachiwiri-vitalism.

chiyambi cha psychoanalysis

Mu zaka 1880-1882 iye amachitira mnyamata wodwala Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O.), yemwe anavutika chifuwa mantha ndi zina zambiri zizindikiro osaneneka (mmene alili, kusintha mu madera a chikumbumtima, zipolowe zithunzi ziwalo ndi khunyu, aphasia). Pa kukambirana dokotala ndi osewera ake aona kuti ena mwa maonekedwe a matenda anatha pamene chokumbukira mawonetseredwe awo woyamba, ndipo anakhala zotheka kubereka kugwirizana amakhudza abwezeretsedwa. Izi zachitika pa nthawi inayake limati mowiriza avtogipnoticheskih. Pamaziko a mapendedwe awa, poyamba mwangozi, wodwalayo ndi dokotala kukhala ndondomeko mwadongosolo limene zizindikiro munthu pang'onopang'ono anakumbukira n'zosiyana kuti mumve mpaka kutha pambuyo kubalana zonse zochitika pachiyambi. Nthawi zina m'nyengo mankhwala ntchito kutsirikidwa yokumba, ngati wodwalayo osati mu mkhalidwe kudziletsa kutsirikidwa.

Pa mankhwala chofunika kukhazikikamo a Anna O. chipatala pafupi Vienna chifukwa cha chiopsezo mtima kudzipha kuchuluka. Ngakhale zoonekeratu ndi kupambana zosayembekezeka njira, ena mwa maonekedwe a matenda anakhalabe. Izi zinaphatikizapo kanthawi kuiwala m'chinenero chawo ndi wamphamvu trigeminal neuralgia, yomwe inkafuna mankhwala ndi morphine ndi kuwasiya. Chifukwa zizindikiro izi, Breuer anatchula chithandizo china dokotala Lyudvigu Binsvangeru mu Bellevue chipatala chaching'ono mu Kreuzlingen mu July 1882. Iye m'chipatala mu October, ndi kuwongolera, koma osati kwathunthu anawachiritsa.

Kugwirizana ndi Freud

Mu 1882, Breyer Yozef zafotokozedwa pamwambapa milandu ndi mnzake lake Sigmund Freud, amene anali ndi zaka 14 junior wake. Pambuyo otsiriza anayamba kugwira katswiriyu, anawayesa njira imeneyi pa odwala awo. Potengera chiphunzitso cha Charcot, Pierre Janet, Mobius, Ippolita Bernhayma ndi ena, iwo ichitikire anayamba maziko ongolankhula wa kugwira ntchito kwa zida zamatsenga ndi njira achire, yomwe ankati "njira catharsis," kunena za malingaliro Aristotle za mavuto ntchito (catharsis monga chiyeretso cha mmene omvera ).

Mu 1893, iwo anatulutsa lipoti kuyambirira "Pa limagwirira psychical zodabwitsa osaneneka". Patapita zaka ziwiri izo Pambuyo "Studies pa chipwirikiti", "ngodya mwala wa psychoanalysis", anayala maziko a m'munda wa maganizo. Pepala ali mutu zoyenera chiphunzitso (Breyer), wina mankhwala odzipereka (Freud), ndi mbiri nkhani zisanu (Anna O., Emmy Von N., Katarina, Lucy R., Elisabeth Von R.).

Care la psychoanalysis

Freud anapitiriza kukhala chiphunzitso ndi njira pamene ankagwira ntchito limodzi Breuer (neuroses zoteteza, free wa mayanjano). Josef sanali kukhulupirira za kufunika kwa accentuation yekha zinthu kugonana ndi anzake anaona chizindikiro cha detachment. Mu 1895, mtunda wa pakati pawo kuchuluka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti mapeto a mgwirizano wawo.

Kupitiriza kukhala ndi chidwi chofuna chitukuko cha chiphunzitso psychoanalytic, njira cathartic Breyer Yozef waponya. Freud ananena za amanena kuti mankhwala a Anna O. anali mwadzidzidzi linasokonekera chifukwa kutengedwa amphamvu kumbali, kenako ndi mimba osaneneka komanso pobereka. Baibulo limeneli la zochitika ankamangidwanso ndi Freud ndi Ernest Jones wamba, mwa zina, sangaime chofufuzidwa mbiri. More zoyesayesa posachedwapa kusonyeza kuti kufotokoza nkhani ya Anna O. anali chinyengo, mfundo sanali tikugwira.

mosalekeza umunthu

Yozef Breyer anali kucheza ndi anthu ambiri ophunzira yowala nthawi yake. Iye anachita makalata yaitali ndi Brentano, anali bwenzi lapamtima la wolemba ndakatulo Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach ndi abwenzi ndi Mach, amene anakumana nawo pa maphunziro a khutu lamkati. maganizo Breuer pa mafunso mabuku ndi nzeru zaumunthu, zikuoneka, kum'lemekeza lonse. Breyer ankalankhula zinenero zambiri Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala a Anna O. nthawi yaitali kunachitidwa mu Chingerezi. Uthunthu ndi kuya zofuna zake chikhalidwe anali basi zachilendo ndi zofunika, komanso zipambano ake zachipatala ndi sayansi.

Yozef Breyer: chidwi mfundo

• Pambuyo mtima wake Anne G. anapanga amphamvu kuphatikana thereto, wodziwika ndi kutchulidwa chikhalidwe cha kugonana, Breyer Yozef ntchito misala, napempha mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi odwala ankatembenukira kwa Freud a.
• Breuer anapeza kuti zizindikiro neurotic uka chifukwa njira chikumbumtima, ndipo amapita kudziwa.
• Zigmund Freyd athandizapo anthu misala chofunika Breuer, amene anayambitsa iye anatulukira pa, nampatsa odwala awo.
• Mu 1868, iye anafotokoza reflex Hering-Breuer, amene amathandiza kulamulira inhalation ndi Mpweya pa kupuma bwinobwino.
• Mu 1873 Breuer anatsegula ntchito chipangizo cha semicircular m'ngalande Bony kukhotakhota wa khutu mkati ndi ubale wawo ndi lathu mu mlengalenga, ndipo ndi tanthauzo la bwino.
• Mu chifuniro chake, akufuna kuti unachita kutenthedwa, ndipo zinachitika.