The andale a zaka Russia 19-21. Otchuka Russian andale

Dziko lathu kwa zaka zitatu anakwanitsa kufika pafupifupi onse mwanjira alipo mu kusiyana ukapolo ndi demokalase. Komabe, mu maonekedwe ake angwiro konse ndipo palibe boma wakhala si chinachitika, izo wakhala kudalirana makamaka. Ndipo tsopano dongosolo Russian ndale Chili zinthu za dongosolo demokalase ndi mabungwe authoritarian ndi njira kasamalidwe.

Pa modes hybrid

Mawu sayansi amanena kuti ankhanza kumene ophatikizidwa pamodzi zizindikiro za authoritarianism ndi demokalase, ndipo ambiri a kachitidwe - wapakatikati. Matanthauzo ndi ambiri, koma ndi thandizo la kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane za iwo akhoza kugawidwa mmagawo awiri. Gulu loyamba la akatswiri amaona mode hybrid monga demokalase illiberal, mwachitsanzo demokalase, opanda wachiwiri M'malo mwake, asamalira dongosolo la ndale la Russia kapena mpikisano authoritarianism masankho, kuti ndi kuphatikiza authoritarianism.

Palokha, tanthawuzo la "hybrid mode" chotchuka kwambiri chifukwa ali ngati si mlandu, ndi ndale. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti andale ku Russia pa chibadidwe demokalase zinthu zonse amalola yokongola: parliamentarianism, dongosolo multiparty, chisankho ndi zonse ziri demokalase monga zisadziwike kuti authoritarianism lodalirika. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti onyenga amenewa ikuyenda zosiyana.

mu Russia

andale mu Russia akuyesera kuti umabwera pa nthawi yomweyo ndi zambiri kuponderezedwa ndi zambiri demokalase kuposa iye ali. The lonse authoritarianism - demokalase ndi motalika kokwanira ku nkhani ya mkanganowu sayansi apeza vutoli. Asayansi ambiri ankafuna kuti chiyeneretso cha ulamuliro hybrid mu dziko kumene mwalamulo zisanko osachepera awiri zandale nawo chisankho aphungu. Kuyenera malamulo nthawi ndi nthawi yokopa anthu kuti avotere Mipikisano phwando. Ndiye authoritarianism mawonekedwe osachepera ikutha kukhale koyera. Koma si zofunika n'chakuti mpikisano pakati pa zipani okha? angapo kuyan'anila za ufulu wa udindo chisankho?

Russia - ndi boma pulezidenti-aphungu Republic. Mulimonsemo, choncho ananena. Potsanzira - izo siziri ukathyali, malinga ndi sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Izi ndi zovuta zambiri chodabwitsa. ankhanza Zophatikiza amakonda katangale pa mkulu mlingo kwambiri (kuphatikizapo mu khoti, ndipo osati chisankho), nepodotchotnoe yamalamulo boma, mosadziwika, koma ziyang'aniridwe a boma pa TV, zochepa ufulu wa anthu (chilengedwe cha mabungwe a boma ndi msonkhano). Monga ife tonse tikudziwa, deta limasonyeza zizindikiro za dongosolo la ndale ku Russia lero. Komabe, n'zochititsa chidwi kuti tifufuza njira yonse imene inachitika pa chitukuko ndale dziko awo.

Zaka kale

M'pofunika kukumbukira kuti Russia ndi mu gawo lachiwiri la mayiko ayamba chitukuko capitalist, ndi chiyambi iye adzatero kwambiri kenako mayiko a azungu, amene ankaona lalikulu. Komabe, monga pa zaka makumi anai, iye wachita njira yomweyo imene m'mayiko amenewa anatenga zaka zambiri. Izi zinachitika chifukwa mitengo kwambiri mkulu wa kukula kwa makampani, ndipo anathandiza kuti mfundo zachuma a boma, kukakamiza chitukuko cha mafakitale ambiri ndi kumanga njanji. Choncho, dongosolo la ndale la Russia mu m'ma 20 nthawi yomweyo ndi maiko patsogolo analowa siteji imperialist. Koma anapatsidwa si kwapafupi, bizinesi mu mapangidwe izi chipwirikiti sanathe kubisa mano ake. Kukwera amavutika. N'chifukwa kusintha dongosolo la ndale ku Russia, zomwe zimachititsa anali kutsogolera kwa kusintha kwakukulu?

Pre-nkhondo zinthu

1. okhawo adanyamuka nsanga, zochokera mkulu wa ndende likulu ndi kupanga yolanda malo onse lalikulu zachuma. ulamuliro wa likulu zachokera yekha kukula chake, kaya ndalama anthu ogwira ntchito. Wamba mulibe ndalama imodzi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono wotaya luso kudyetsa dziko.

2. Makampani zithunzi wandiweyani ali spliced ndi mabanki, likulu ndalama wakula, ndipo pali oligarchy ndalama.

3. Chifukwa cha katundu dziko ya katundu ndi nthenda ya zipangizo, anagula lonse chachikulu ndi kusiya likulu. mitundu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana, monga iwo aliri tsopano: boma ngongole ndalama mwachindunji mu chuma limati zina.

4. anali mayiko mabungwe okhawo ndi kukula kulimbana misika zipangizo, malonda ndi utumiki wa ndalama likulu.

5. Mpikisano kukopa pakati pa mayiko olemera a dziko wafika pachimake, ichi ndi chimene woyamba zinachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha nkhondo m'deralo, ndiye wosamangidwa ndi First World nkhondo. Ndipo anthu ali kale wotopa mbali zonse za dongosolo ndale komanso mu Russia.

Mapeto a 19 ndi m'ma 20: zachuma

Industrial Boom wa nineties, ndithudi, patatha zaka zitatu mavuto aakulu a zachuma, yomwe inayamba mu 1900, kenako anadza kwambiri yaitali maganizo - mpaka 1908. Ndiye kunali potsiriza nthawi chitukuko - chiwerengero cha zaka zipatso kuyambira 1908 mpaka 1913 analola chuma kutenga adzatumpha wina pamene mafakitale ananyamuka nthawi theka.

Wotchuka kanjedza ndale Russia, kukonzekera ulimi wa 1905 ndipo ambiri misa zionetsero, saatha nsanja chonde ntchito zawo. Monopolization analandira bonasi wina mu chuma Russian: kwambiri za bizinesi yaing'ono anasowa pa vutoli, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono kwambiri sing'anga-kakulidwe zinatha pa maganizo, ndinapita ofooka ndi amphamvu mafakitale kupanga angasankhe kuganizira m'manja mwawo. Mabizinezi misa auctioned, ndi nthawi kuphangira - cartels ndi syndicates, amene amaphatikiza bwino msika malonda awo.

policy

andale Russia mu zaka za m'ma 20 anali mafumu mtheradi, mphamvu zonse anali Mfumu ndi kuvomerezedwa Imperial Mpandowachifumu. Kawiri mutu mphungu ndi regalia achifumu monyadira inali pamwamba pa manja, ndi mbendera inali yofanana ndi lero - woyera buluu wofiira. Pamene kusintha kwa andale mu Russia ndi kudzakhala ndi ulamuliro wa proletariat ndi, mbenderayo imangokhala wofiira. Monga mwazi anthu kukhetsa kwa zaka zambiri. Ndipo pa manja - nyundo ndi chikwakwa makutu. Koma chidzakhala chabe mu 1917. Ndipo m'zaka za m'ma mochedwa 19 ndi 20 oyambirira mu dziko akadali anapambana dongosolo analenga pansi Alexander Woyamba.

Bungwe la State anali zakonosoveschatelnogo sikungathetse chilichonse, ndikanakhoza kokha kufotokoza maganizo. Palibe ntchito popanda siginecha ya mfumu sanakhale lamulo. Court kuwataya Senate. amchigulu malamulo nduna za Atumiki, komanso popanda mfumu pano sikumaŵathetsa chilichonse - kuti anali dongosolo la ndale la Russia m'nthawi ya 19 ndi 20 oyambirira. Koma Unduna wa Zachuma ndi a Unduna Woona za Internal kale anali wokhoza yaikulu. Zachuma akhoza ulembedwe mawu ndi kwa mfumu, ndipo chinsinsi-kusaka provocateurs chinsinsi chake apolisi, kufufuza makalata, kufufuza ndi kufufuza ndale, ngati sanauzidwe, ndi zingakhudzire zochita achifumu kopambana.

emigration

Civil chilungamo, vuto lalikulu la zachuma lomwe ndi kupondereza (inde, osati Stalin anatulukira iwo!) Kodi zinachititsa kuti kukula ndi otaya kumatheka mwa emigration - Mphindi ndipo si 21, koma 19 Wamba anasamuka m'dzikoli kupita woyamba ku mayiko oyandikana - kuntchito, anabwerera padziko lonse, ndi pamene midzi Russian anakhazikitsidwa mu United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, ndipo ngakhale mu Australia. Osati ulimi wa 1917 , ndipo nkhondo wotsatira wafunsira otaya amakhala nthawi zina sanamulole kuti adzafota.

ndi zimayambitsa ngati nzika outflows m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi chiyani? andale Russia cha m'ma 20, osati aliyense angathe kumva ndi kuvomereza, kotero chifukwa ndi yomveka. Koma anthu kuthawa ufumu mtheradi, bwanji zimenezi? Kuwonjezera kuvutitsidwa pa malo osiyana mitundu, anthu analibe chikhalidwe zokwanira maphunziro abwino ndi kuphunzitsidwa mwapadera mawu akatswiri nzika anali kufunafuna ntchito woyenera maluso ake ndi mphamvu mu moyo ozungulira, koma zinali zosatheka pa zifukwa zambiri. Ndipo mbali yaikulu ya m'dziko - ambirimbiri - anali otsutsana autocracy, ndi boma tsogolo amene anatsogolera risers pa maphwando phiko, lofalitsidwa manyuzipepala, analemba mabuku.

kumasulidwa kayendedwe

Zikutsutsana anthu akhala kotero lakuthwa m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri amene nthawi zambiri natenga maonekedwe zikwi zionetsero anthu, zinthu chosintha moŵa ndi leaps ndi malire. Pakati pa ophunzira mowirikiza othamanga yamkuntho. Kayendedwe ntchito zatenganso kwambiri pa vuto limeneli, ndipo chotero izo kale anatsimikiza kuti mu 1905 kulamula pamodzi mfundo zachuma. dongosolo ndale komanso mu Russia movutikira chimaonekadi. Mu 1901, antchito anapita sitalaka pa May Tsiku Kharkov imodzi ndi kuponya pa Obukhov zomera St. Petersburg, kumene akhala mobwerezabwereza kumenyana ndi apolisi.

Ndi 1902, amenye zili kumwera lonse la dziko ku Rostov. Mu 1904 ndi kunyanyala ambiri Baku ndiponso mizinda ina. Komanso, shirilos ndi kayendedwe mu chiwerengero cha anthu wamba a. Rioted Kharkov ndi Poltava mu 1902, moti zinali kwathunthu mofanana ndi nkhondo wamba a Pugachev ndi Razin. Chitsutso owolowa manja kunayambitsa mawu ake ndawala Zemstvo mu 1904. Izi zikachitika, gulu la Zionetsero kunali kutenga malo kwenikweni. Boma Komabe, pali zoyembekezeredwa, koma sanapange kuyenda kwa kukhazikitsanso kwakukulu, ndipo pang'onopang'ono anamwalira kale atha zawo pandale ku Russia. Mwachidule, ulimi linali pafupi. Ndipo izo zinachitika pa October 25 (November 7), 1917, zimasiyana kwambiri ndi anthu m'mbuyomu: ndi bourgeois - 1905 ndi February 1917, boma anaonekera Provisional boma.

The makumi zaka mazana makumi awiri

Dongosolo boma la Russia Ufumu pa nthawi ino ukasintha anasintha. Mwa gawo, kupatula limati Baltic, Finland, Belarus ndi Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, zinali ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks monga dongosolo zina ndale ndi chipani chimodzi. Other maphwando Soviet, amene akalipo mu makumi oyambirira, anagonjetsedwa: ndi SRs ndi Mensheviks akhala kusungunuka 1920, Bund - mu 1921 ndipo mu 1922 atsogoleri a SRs ndi mlandu potsimikizira-zisinthe ndi uchigawenga, anayesa ndi anazunzidwa. Ndi Mensheviks anachita pang'ono yachifundo, chifukwa mabungwe zionetsero chitsutsocho. Ambiri mwa chabe kunja kwake kwa dziko. Choncho chitsutso atha. Mu 1922, mlembi wamkulu wa Komiti chapakati cha RCP (B) anasankhidwa kuti Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, ndipo izi inapita patsogolo pa centralization wa chipanichi, komanso luso mphamvu za - ndi okhwima nyumba ofukula mwa maudindo m'deralo.

Mantha anagwa zikuchepa mwamsanga osaonekanso kwathunthu, ngakhale monga ulamuliro ngati wa chilamulo m'njira zamakono sanali anamanga. Komabe, mu 1922, ovomerezedwa ndi Civil ndi zizindikiro Wachifwamba, anathetsa Anatsegula milandu anakhazikitsa ntchito malamulo ndi Maloya, kufufuza ndi wotetezedwa lamulo lalikhulu la dziko ndi Cheka lidzasinthidwa GPU lapansi. Mapeto a Civil nkhondo inali nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mayiko a Soviet: ndi RSFSR, Byelorussian, Chiyukireniya, Chiameniya, Azerbaijani, Chijojiya. Anali kwambiri Khorezm ndi Bukhara ndi Far East. Ndipo paliponse anali wotsogozedwa ndi Party Communist, ndi Russian boma system (RSFSR) kunalibe wosiyana dongosolo la, kuti, Chiameniya. Lililonse lili ndi mabwalo a malamulo ake, boma komanso makonzedwe. Mu 1922, boma la Soviet anayamba coalesce mu mgwirizano feduro. Mfundo sizinali zophweka, ndi wovuta, kunapezeka osati nthawi imodzi. Anapanga Soviet Union anali mawonekedwe boma, komwe mapangidwe dziko anangokhala chikhalidwe kudziyimira pawokha, koma mwamphamvu kwambiri mwachita: mu 20s analenga nambala yaikulu manyuzipepala m'dera masewera, masukulu dziko, mabuku pa zonse, popanda yekha, zinenero wa USSR massively lofalitsidwa, ndipo anthu ambiri amene analibe chinenero, icho, chimene anabweretsa maganizo yowala kwambiri wasayansi mu dziko. Soviet Union waonetsa mphamvu zosafanana, ngakhale kuti dziko chasanduka kawiri mabwinja. Komabe, si anawonongedwa ndi nkhondo kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, m'ndende, koma ... satiety ndi kukhuta. Ndi opanduka mkati kalasi olamulira.

m'ma 21

Kodi boma panopa? Izi si 90s, boma mwadzidzidzi kusonyeza okha zofuna za bourgeoisie ndi oligarchy anaonekera. Lonse Afilisti misa TV anali podogrevaemy chidwi chawo ndi chiyembekezo posachedwapa "lotayirira". Izo sizinali mu dongosolo, koma wopanda. Full looting ndi kusayeruzika. Kodi tsopano? Tsopano, boma dongosolo la Chitaganya cha Russia, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi amatikumbutsa kwambiri Bonapartist. Kudandaula kusintha zamakono za pulogalamu ya Russian limakupatsani kuona zosankha zofanana mu izo. pulogalamuyi unayambitsidwa monga kusintha kwa Inde wakale kusinthika kwakukulu chikhalidwe kugwirizana ndi kukana zoipa yaitali chitsanzo Soviet la anthu, ndi lingaliro limeneli, ndithudi, ali lathu ndiwofatsa. Legitimating chilinganizo chatsopano Russian andale a masiku ano ali ndi chikhalidwe wopangidwa kuchokera onse pa chisankho demokalase ndi woyenera Union chikhalidwe.

State bizinesi - nanga uli kuti?

Iwo ankanena kuti panali dongosolo la boma bizinesi ulamuliro wa Soviet Union. Komabe, bizinesi iliyonse amadalira makamaka phindu. Tsopano - ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi kachitidwe ndi mabungwe ake onse. Koma mu Soviet Union, ngakhale pamene Kosygin anali kuyesera kupeza levers zachuma, otere kulibe. Soviet Union kunali dongosolo Transitional, ndi mbali ya sosholisimu ndi - Pamlingo wamng'ono - a bizinesi. Socialism unaonekera osati Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndalama za boma ku ukutitsimikizira ogula boma okalamba, odwala ndi olumala. Kumbukirani kuti ngakhale penshoni kwa onse anaonekera yekha mu gawo lotsiriza la kuli dziko.

Koma pano pali gulu pa kayendetsedwe ka zochita za anthu ndi chuma sanali capitalist, izo kwathunthu anamanga mfundo technocratic, osati capitalist. Koma sosholisimu maonekedwe chamgwiro si Soviet Union znal.Razve chimene anali nacho kwa umwini poyera njira ya ulimi. Komabe, umwini boma si n'chimodzimodzi ndi anthu, chifukwa palibe kuthekera kutaya pa chuma, ndipo ngakhale kudziwa momwe angachitire izo. Omasukirana pa chilengedwe zonse aukali sizingatheke kuti ngakhale mfundo zimene zinali boma okhawo. No olengeza kumene wosanjikiza Ngopambana kusamalira mudziwe ngati katundu wapadera. Social kufanana - mfundo zokomera onse, ndi mwa njira, motero lochitira zinthu. Chidani pakati pa magulu uko, wina wosanjikiza chikhalidwe si imathetsa, choncho kuteteza ubwino chikhalidwe aliyense anali sichinachitikepo. Komabe, panali gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, ndi kuzungulira ilo - unyinji wa akuluakulu, amene anali osati kusiyana yaikulu malipiro, komanso ali ndi ubwino dongosolo lonse.

mgwirizano

Socialism mu maonekedwe ake angwiro monga Marx anawona izo, mu dziko anapatsidwa sangakhoze anamanga. Wotchuka Trotskyite makumi wa mzaka zana makumi awiri Saahobaev ankanena kuti chipulumutso cha dziko - yekha mu ulimi dziko. Koma n'zosatheka, chifukwa zotsutsana ndi kwenikweni ikuchitika pa mayiko loyamba gawo mu mafakitale la mayiko lachitatu dziko. Koma mukhoza kukumbukira mokondera n'kupondaponda ziphunzitso za Lenin, amene anapereka kusintha maganizo a kumanga sosholisimu m'dziko la kutukuka co-ntchito.

State katundu sayenera nthawi yomweyo kunditumiza ku cooperatives, monga makampani onse akuyendera mfundo za wodzilamulira. Ayuda anazindikira izo molondola - mu kibbutzim ali mbali zonse za kampaniyo, limene limafotokoza Lenin. Mu njira yomweyo ogwira ogwira ncthito ntchito mu America, ndipo ife analipo pa kukonzanso kwa dongosolo dziko la kumalo a ntchito. Komabe, bizinesi, kutukuka kwa mafakitale awa ndi mabvuto. Chabwino, iwo amapanga gulu capitalist ntchito. mumpanda Only lonse mphamvu za ndale ndi proletariat akhoza kutumikira monga maziko yomanga lamadyerero.