Tsiku ndi tsiku Magic: vanila maluwa pa moyo wathu

vanila fungo amapita nafe moyo wathu onse: kuyambira ali Tikukumbukira fungo la masikono zokoma vanila, mnyamata Tikamayanjana ndi mafutawo chibwenzi kapena ankakonda anu kununkhira. Wachikondi ndi chitonthozo umachokera kwa wina ndi kukumbukira ndi! Si kale, asayansi anapeza kuti kafungo kuti exudes vanila maluwa ndi fungo amphamvu lachokera ku zipatso za mbewu, kuletsa ndi zotsatira ululu pa mantha dongosolo anthu. Pamene anthu akudziwa za mbewu, wophuka maluwa ndi zofunika zimene ziri zofunika kwa izo? Nkhaniyi adzayesa kukuuzani maluwa ngati maluwa vanila, chithunzi chimene anapereka m'munsimu, komanso kuyankha mafunso onse.

A mbiri pang'ono

Vanilla adzabadwira ndi America Central, komwe analitamanda kwambiri ndi anthu am'deralo - Aaziteki, amene ntchito pokonzanso palatability ya chakumwa wopatulika - ndi zinachitika wa chokoleti ano.

The European woyamba kulawa oonetsera onunkhira, anali Hristofor Kolumb, amene ankachita chokoleti ndi kumwa mtsogoleri wa m'deralo. Kuti Columbus anabweretsa vanila ku Ulaya kununkhira kwake wosakhwima anali oveteredwa woyamba m'mayiko monga Spain, Austria ndi Italy. The Spain, m'mene adakonda pa vanila fungo ndipo analandira kwa malonda a nyemba phindu kuchotsako mafuko Mexico ambiri a msonkho ndi chipatso, anapanga pambuyo mphamvu ya vanila maluwa. zaka zoposa zitatu za ufumu Spanish anali importer chokha ndipo wogulitsa vanila mu World Old. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo ndi kuvuta mopereka m'mayiko ena anakumana ndi zonunkhira izi kanthawi kenako. Choncho, m'zaka za m'ma XVII, vanila anayamba zidzawonjezedwa kwa zinthu zowotcha, komanso kusuta ake flavored zosakaniza kwa mapaipi ndi mowa.

mbali botanical

Vanilla, yeniyeni - vanila maluwa - yekha woimira banja maluwa (Orchidaceae), zipatso, zomwe zikukangalika ntchito mwa munthu. Sub-mitundu ya zomera, mbadwa kumadera otentha a hemispheres onse a dziko lapansi, pali 100. Kuti vanila ndi wakula padziko lonse malonda m'magulu onse atatu:

• planifolia;
• pompona;
• tahitensis.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza aliyense wa iwo adzatiuza ina.

Onse vanila - kupiringa ziyangoyango zomwe zinthu zachilengedwe angafikire mamita 40. Mu chikhalidwe, iwo ndi parasitic pa mitengo koko ndi m'minda iwo kukhazikitsa eni wapadera kapena anabzala pafupi ndi mitengo Dracaena sakuvutika wotero oyandikana. Vanilla mpesa kukula mofulumira kwambiri, kukula mu mwezi watha angafikire ku mita. Kuyambira herbaceous phesi vanila kupanga pa kukula kwa mizu ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kuthandiza kuti tisataye zomera ndi unachitikira ku mitengo. Masamba izi maluwa minofu, chowulungika-lanceolate.

Large ndi zabwino kwambiri kununkhiza vanila maluwa, zithunzi zimene Tingaone pansipa, pamodzi burashi ndi utoto mtundu wachikasu wonyezimira. Perianth tichipeza pamakhala zisanu ndi chimodzi, chimene adagulung'undisa mu chubu ndi ndipamene "mlomo", amene pistil chobisika ndi stamen yekha. Similar maluwa kapangidwe zimapangitsa kukhala kovuta kubereketsa zomera, amene akhoza kukwaniritsa mtundu umodzi wokha wa njuchi m'dera ndi hummingbirds.

Vanilla limamasula m'chaka chachitatu cha moyo wake, ndi aliyense maluwa moyo tsiku limodzi lokha. N'kuwasanganiza, zomwe ndi maluwa mungu wa vanila, kukhala yaitali kwambiri: 7 miyezi 9 - ndi kupanga yopapatiza elongated cylindrical zipatso kutalika 10 - 30 cm mkati bulauni limodzi chipinda bokosi mwadzaza mbewu bulauni-wakuda yaing'ono .. zomera zipatso kwa nthawi yaitali, zaka 20 mpaka 50.

mitundu

Tamasulira kuchokera ku Latin mu Chirasha zikutanthauza Vanilla "Pod", ndipo lero zitatu zomera mwakula kwa zonunkhira ambiri amakonda. Tikumbukenso kuti vanila maluwa amene ali ku Central America, anali makolo a mitundu yonse ntchito lero.

Vanilla planifolia

Choncho, ambiri ndi yokhala ndi wamphamvu ndi wokoma kwambiri fungo la Vanilla planifolia amalima ku Central America, Indonesia, ndi Caribbean ndi Madagascar. Maluwa a mitundu ali kwambiri ndi wosakhwima lokhazika mtima pansi, mungu chongopeka. Zipatso za mbewu ndi kukolola ndi dzanja, izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophikira ndi zodzoladzola.

vanila pompom

Zochepa wamba ndi onunkhira ndi otchedwa Holandesas vanila - Vanilla pompona, chakula Mexico ndi Panama, komanso ena m'mayiko America Central. Mtundu ntchito nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a akupanga makampani chakudya.

Chitahiti vanila

mtundu wina wa maluwa, amene zipatso ntchito kuphika, analandira chifukwa cha kudutsa Vanilla planifolia ndi pompona Chitahiti vanila - Vanilla tahitensis JWMoore. Kukula zomera ku zilumba za Polynesia French, komanso ena kum'mwera kwa dziko la Pacific Ocean. The makoko a mtundu uwu ali aang'ono kuchuluka kwa vanillin, koma ambiri a zigawo zina amakambirana - heliotropine. Chifukwa Vanilla tahitensis ali fungo zofewa ndi wosakhwima ndi predominance ya zipatso ndi zolemba zamaluwa. Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zophikira, maluwa okongola ndi onunkhira kukula tahitensis vanila kwa flavoring ndi ulemerero wa zinthu zosiyana.

Kodi ilo limakula?

Ngati pachiyambi Vanilla limakula yekha m'madera ena a ku Central America, koma lero wakula m'mayiko ambiri otentha. Kukula zachilendo ndi chitukuko cha zomera ayenera chinyezi ndi otentha nyengo. Motero zomera kumafuna kutentha pamwamba kuposa 30 ⁰ C osati poyerekeza 15 ⁰ C ndi chinyezi anakhumba pafupifupi 80%. mitundu yonse ya vanila kwambiri udzafunidwa kwa nthaka: kuyenera kukhala friable ndi wolemera mu zinthu organic, permeability zabwino mpweya ndi madzi.

Lero, vanila akulimidwa m'mayiko ambiri M'dera madigiri 10 kuti 20 equator: ku Mexico, Brazil, Paraguay, ndi United States, ndi West African States ndi zilumba za Polynesia French.