Umisiri ndi chiyani? Malangizo waukulu ndiponso achita

Kodi mukudziwa ndi umisiri? Ndithudi inu chinachake chokhudza izo anamva. Izi ndi mbali yofunika ya zamoyo ano. Anakhala, monga sayansi, mmodzi wa zinthu zazikulu mu chuma padziko lonse ndi sayansi m'zaka 20 mochedwa. Theka zapitazo, palibe akudziwa zimene umisiri. Komabe, maziko a sayansi, amene anakhalako 19. Umisiri walandira kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko cha ntchito yabwino ya ofufuza ku France Lui Pastera (zaka za moyo - 1822-1895). Iye ndiye tate wa immunology ano ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso.

M'zaka za m'ma 20, mofulumira anayamba chibadwa ndi zamoyo ndi patsogolo mu sayansi zimapangidwira. Panthawi imeneyi, m'dera chofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha njira imene kukhala zomera ndi nyama maselo.

kafukufuku kuwaza

Mu 1980 panali Kuwonjezereka kafukufuku umisiri. Ndi nthawi iyi njira zina zatsopano methodical ndi methodological kuti kuonetsetsa kusintha kwa ntchito ya umisiri mu sayansi ndi mchitidwe akhazikitsidwa. Tsopano inu angaphunzirepo chiyani chachikulu zotsatira zachuma. Izo ntchito kuti mankhwala zalero amayenera kupanga kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma latsopano, kotala kupanga dziko.

Ntchito ikuchitika dziko lathu

Yogwira umisiri chitukuko zinachitika pa nthawi ino mu dziko lathu. The Russian anali akwaniritsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri ntchito malowa ndipo kumayambiriro zotsatira zawo 1980s lapansi. Mu dziko lathu nthawi imeneyi wakhala akupangidwa ndi zomwe zagwiridwa pulogalamu woyamba pa umisiri mtundu wonsewo. Special malo interdepartmental, akatswiri ophunzitsidwa biotechnologists zinalengedwa, zochokera dipatimenti ndi zasayansi kwaiye ku mayunivesite ndi mabungwe kafukufuku.

umisiri lero

Lero ndife amakonda njira imeneyi, anthu ochepa kwambiri kudzifunsa kuti: "umisiri ndi chiyani?" Padakali pano, kudziwa mwatsatanetsatane sizikanakhala zosafunika. njira zamakono munda zochokera ntchito njira zophatikizananso DNA ndi michere kuyenda, organelles kapena maselo. Modern umisiri ndi sayansi ya umisiri ma ndi chibadwa zomangamanga ndi njira ya chilengedwe ndi ntchito chibadwa kusandulika zinthu kwachilengedwenso kuti kwambiri kupanga kapena chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala. Pali malo zitatu zikuluzikulu limene ife tsopano akufotokoza.

mafakitale umisiri

malangizowo anali a zosiyanasiyana umisiri chofiira (medicine). Amaona malo wofunika kwambiri umisiri. Zofunika kwambiri udindo amasewera mu chitukuko cha mankhwala (makamaka zochizira khansa). zofunika kwambiri za umisiri ndi ku matenda. Iwo ntchito Mwachitsanzo, pamene munakonza biosensors, DNA tchipisi. Mu Austria, ndi umisiri wofiira lero amakonda kuzindikira choyenera. Iye ankaona injini ya chitukuko cha nthambi zina.

Chitani zosiyanasiyana yotsatira ya umisiri mafakitale. Izi umisiri wobiriwira. Izo ntchito pamene kusankha wapangidwa. Umisiri akuperekanso tsopano njira yapadera imeneyi imene zida akupangidwa kutsutsa ndi herbicides, mavairasi, bowa ndi tizilombo tina. Zonse izi ndi zofunika kwambiri komanso, inu mukuona.

Munda wa umisiri wobiriwira ndi zofunika makamaka, kukonza majini. Ndi kuti olengedwa kwa posamutsa majini ku mtundu zomera ku chinacho, choncho asayansi zingasokoneze chitukuko cha makhalidwe kugonjetsedwa ndi katundu.

Gray umisiri ntchito zoteteza chilengedwe. njira zake ntchito yoyeretsa zimbudzi, remediation nthaka, ndikutsuka utsi mpweya, chifukwa yobwezeretsanso.

Koma si onse. Pali woyera umisiri, lomwe lili m'dera la ntchito makampani mankhwala a. njira Biotechnological Pankhaniyi ntchito kwa otetezeka ku mfundo chilengedwe view ndi kupanga nchito ya michere, mankhwala, amino zidulo, mavitamini, komanso mowa.

Ndipo potsiriza, mitundu lomaliza. Blue umisiri zachokera ntchito luso zamoyo zosiyana ndi njira ya zamoyo m'madzi. Pankhaniyi, ku likulu la kafukufuku - zamoyo kwachilengedwenso zokhala m'nyanja dziko.

Pitani ku lotsatira malangizo - Cell Engineering.

Engineering ma

Iwo ukugwira ntchito yopanga hybridomas, cloning, kuphunzira njira ma, "hybrid" maselo, kulemba mapu chibadwa. Yambani adzaupereka kwa zaka 1960 pamene panali njira mwakusakaniza maselo somatic. Zakhala bwino ndi nthawi njira kulima, ndi njira iliyonse, zimakhala kukula. Somatic mwakusakaniza, amene hybrids analengedwa popanda nawo ndondomeko za kugonana, lero ikuchitika mwa kukulitsa mizere osiyanasiyana khungu la mtundu womwewo, kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo.

Hybridomas ndi tanthauzo lake

Hybridomas, hybrids mwachitsanzo pakati lymphocytes (maselo yachibadwa ya chitetezo cha m'thupi) ndi chotupa, ndi katundu wa mizere selo makolo. Angathe, monga khansa, kugawana kalekale pa michere TV yokumba (ie, ndi "wosafa"), ndipo mwina inunso, monga lymphocytes kutulutsa homogeneous (monoclonal) chitetezo ndi kumatanthauza kulunjika. chitetezo awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zolinga za matenda ndi achire, monga reagents okhala mwa tcheru organic ndi ena.

Mbali ina ya ukachenjede selo ndi mpheto maselo akusowa mtima ndi mtima ufulu komanso mapale ena. mwai izi kusanduka kaphatikizidwe mbali ya chipindacho. Similar choti nsalu kapena microinjection mu khromozomu selo ikuchitika kudziwa mmene cytoplasm ndi phata bwanji wina ndi mzake, kodi zinthu zonse ntchito za majini osiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero.

Kugwiritsa pawiri mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha mazira osiyana khungu mwakula wotchedwa nyama zithunzi. Kupanda kutero, amatchedwa chimeras. Iwo amakhala ndi mitundu 2 maselo ndi genotypes osiyana. Ndi kupeza kunja zatsopano izi tinamdandaulira pa chitukuko cha chamoyo amapezeka zosiyanasiyana za zimakhala ndi maselo.

cloning

Modern umisiri Sindingachite popanda cloning. Zatsopano zokhudzana ndi kulanda mtima osiyana somatic selo mu enucleated nyama (i.e. wopanda phata) dzira ndi kulima zinanso chamoyo wamkulu chifukwa Ndisanaumbidwe akhala akufufuza kwa zaka zambiri. Komabe, iwo bwino kuyambira m'zaka 20 mochedwa. Today ife timachitcha zatsopano ngati cloning nyama.

anthu ochepa kwambiri masiku ano si bwino Dolly nkhosa. Mu 1996, pafupi Edinburgh (Scotland) mu Institute Roslin anaipanga ndi nyama woyamba, umene ankadziwa maselo a chamoyo wamkulu yakhala ikuchitidwa. Zinali Dolly nkhosa woyamba choyerekeza amenewa.

kukonza majini

Chosavuta kumayambiriro 1970, kukonza majini lero apita patsogolo kwambiri. njira ake yozindikira maselo zolengedwa zoyamwitsa, yisiti mabakiteriya mu "mafakitale" kwa kupanga mapuloteni iliyonse. Zoterezi kukwaniritsa sayansi amapereka mwayi kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka mapuloteni ntchito ngati mankhwala.

Chikhazikitso cha umisiri tsopano ankagwiritsa ntchito. E. coli Mwachitsanzo, wakhala nthawi katundu wathu wa zofunika mahomoni kukula timadzi ndi insulin. Ntchito majini zomangamanga Cholinga kumanga zophatikizananso DNA mamolekyulu. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa zida zenizeni chibadwa, iwo akhoza kupereka thupi n'kopindulitsa katundu anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kulandira "bioreactor", mwachitsanzo, nyama, zomera ndi tizilombo kuti atulutsa chinthu pharmacologically zofunika kwa anthu. Umisiri zapita patsogolo kwambiri, zomwe zachititsa kuti n'zotheka kuswana Mitundu nyama ndi mitundu zomera ndi makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira majini zomangamanga n'zotheka kuchita chitsimikizo majini kulenga katemera DNA ndi matenda matenda osiyanasiyana majini ndi ena.

Pomaliza

Kotero, ife anayankha funso: "? Umisiri Kodi" Kumene, m'nkhani ino lili yekha mfundo zikuluzikulu za izo, mayendedwe mwachidule kutchulidwa. Mfundozi ndi malangizo chimangooneka chithunzithunzi cha zomwe ndi umisiri wamakono ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito.